tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-345017542024-03-07T01:08:13.337-08:00Misterken's Blog - Dijemeric Visualizations where math meets photographyAn attempt to find truth in the intersection of science, math, and photography.misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.comBlogger114125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-55371917414068888862020-08-22T10:19:00.006-07:002020-10-06T10:05:14.460-07:00Measuring particulate matter locally from Northern California Fires of late August using a Pocketlab sensor for PM 2.5 and some surprising results<p> Air quality is not so great right now at 11 am on August 19, 2020 with particulate matter (PM 2.5) ranging up to 150 locally*. I used a phone linked sensor to measure PM 2.5 around my house this morning and got some surprising results. Inside PM 2.5 averaged 40 ppm. When I went outside the readings started to drop going below 20 ppm. This made no sense until I removed the sensor from my pants pocket and the results went up to 90. I tried this a few more times (see attached graphic) and got similar results. </p><p>The polyester material was acting as a fairly effective filter. I then alternately covered the sensor with paper towel layers, first 2 layers then 1. Removing the paper towels sent readings up to about 100 ppm and restoring the paper layer brought the readings back down to 20 (2 layers) and 40 (1 Layer). One other observation was seeing a difference in whether the pants pocket zipper was open or closed. The readings were lower when the zipper was closed, so having a mask that fits well is important if you really want that extra protection. </p><p>So if you are wondering if you could use paper towels as an inner liner for a cloth mask instead of buying the commercial and mostly unavailable paper filter liners sold together with some cloth masks, maybe this info will help you decide. </p><p>I may test other materials later, but this is dependent on an ambient air quality that I hope does not last. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHtZEf04K78G0jkiQy_V5IRyqdJTss08dvklSnLnK8VHtGqiqtEHMpUmLueZ67z6TF5NANu_rdFuj6HnTd8swpXpiCnO5FDUzxLsf04FPSAYU-yGLFqlPfNmZJe0gkDPICAz11/s1600/FilterTestsPantsPaperTowelsPM2_5_200821.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHtZEf04K78G0jkiQy_V5IRyqdJTss08dvklSnLnK8VHtGqiqtEHMpUmLueZ67z6TF5NANu_rdFuj6HnTd8swpXpiCnO5FDUzxLsf04FPSAYU-yGLFqlPfNmZJe0gkDPICAz11/s640/FilterTestsPantsPaperTowelsPM2_5_200821.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5FthlYW9A_YpQO-vOT7VV38dejZj1LrOtOrv_lU4BGy5xxGICtToCPbYU3-HOC_c5LMDpJt_KTRkt7h3x6-hT7_Xdr9buQGTwwesdvxpfiP2SBi8ABMBNQN79Tpz8waJI3wkP/s966/MaskTestsScarfSockTissue_200823+Photos.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="966" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5FthlYW9A_YpQO-vOT7VV38dejZj1LrOtOrv_lU4BGy5xxGICtToCPbYU3-HOC_c5LMDpJt_KTRkt7h3x6-hT7_Xdr9buQGTwwesdvxpfiP2SBi8ABMBNQN79Tpz8waJI3wkP/w491-h212/MaskTestsScarfSockTissue_200823+Photos.jpg" width="491" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>* https://www.purpleair.com/gmap?&zoom=13&lat=37.92674868882685&lng=-122.28011027597898&clustersize=23&sensorsActive2=10080&orderby=L&nwlat=37.988670840901264&selat=37.864774345189225&nwlng=-122.43795291208738&selng=-122.12226763987059</p>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-10540488510886243822016-11-13T12:42:00.002-08:002020-08-22T08:43:26.239-07:00Another Super Moon!!<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Another Super Moon!!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As the moon travels around the Earth it does so in an elliptical orbit that this year varied from 252,668 to 221,524 miles from earth. The shortest distance this year of the moon to earth will occur on Nov 14, 2016. Because the moon will be closer than usual, it will also appear bigger as shown in the diagram below. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As a preview, here is a shot with a 300 mm lens and heavy cropping from my front yard on Nov 12, 2016.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">For those who want to select a place and time to get your photograph, I suggest using the Photographer's Ephemeris (</span><a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fapp.photoephemeris.com%2F&h=IAQH6h7v-AQHLx5u-YM8Q6LYVt7jOwgrYHk-R7eS3nxN5cQ&enc=AZPtYgoEVUOx0wfQ3F9q6ni4SVimbVhiGZnv1QiSXiRIfnAg71Wn559wioT5vABdDMBGaZw9eDiB7ovbFXaakZ9vypGv4Otdj7GYCO8SQz0LZ6NTjOM-Q-f2JeGMCTtA5Sz46ruaCbfOt73ihzJBZGLZj7Z6yr0Nr-s0nm9tGlEq0yyj5qA6etrAwhu0UhTxWDk&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://app.photoephemeris.com/</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) to calculate the best time and location for your shot. I plan on getting a shot as it rises above the UCB Campanile in Berkeley, CA. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3XooF_CHiO3WxhDh54MxKhy0WH680qjUHQoAQxqqZ3vLNRZd3RqKa221aQqeARYsmj6s_op2DD4mSzd0axm0G9nOBeTj7nKCSqY_Z68afyZZkf5SaeN4d5V2CHVrvlCp_5H6x/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-11-13+at+9.41.07+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3XooF_CHiO3WxhDh54MxKhy0WH680qjUHQoAQxqqZ3vLNRZd3RqKa221aQqeARYsmj6s_op2DD4mSzd0axm0G9nOBeTj7nKCSqY_Z68afyZZkf5SaeN4d5V2CHVrvlCp_5H6x/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-11-13+at+9.41.07+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Good luck to those who grab there cameras and get some photos of the Supermoon!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-60247381877862122072016-05-19T11:13:00.004-07:002020-08-22T08:43:02.584-07:00Crafting a macro to create a vintage postcard look with Nik software<br />
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<b>Crafting a macro to create a vintage postcard look with Nik software</b></div>
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<b>(c) Ken Osborn May 16, 2016</b></div>
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After visiting a version of Renaissance Italy at a local craft and performance fair in Vallejo CA, I<br />
tried reinterpreting my photos as postcards depicting the era as might have been done in the 1930's. <br />
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Something like this:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh51BmU1A7BvgKr4y4pgb_Csf_Y47qsDtGGUVnChKsOkRdaUieNQ-WEKGrfm-7ACCsU_F5pnvpsNzqSMjmHkdH7BS-U0zMibM7f21K2Gs4T67EiGNIxVxtInVoTGdqBUaEzVhUN/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.30.45+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh51BmU1A7BvgKr4y4pgb_Csf_Y47qsDtGGUVnChKsOkRdaUieNQ-WEKGrfm-7ACCsU_F5pnvpsNzqSMjmHkdH7BS-U0zMibM7f21K2Gs4T67EiGNIxVxtInVoTGdqBUaEzVhUN/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.30.45+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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To create this image took a few steps in Photoshop plus the Nik software plugin (free at <a href="https://www.google.com/nikcollection/)" style="-webkit-animation: fontfix 0.1s linear 0.1s 1; animation: fontfix 0.1s linear 0.1s 1; color: #1f24cc; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: 'Graphik Meetup', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none;">https://www.google.com/nikcollection/</a>)<br />
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If you have several images it is worthwhile to automate or at least semi-automate the process, as I did with the following macro (aka Action):<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrxxlnuJ7aKMN8W8zGPEJnURhSgnHOYuyXUfQ9wPZOkjLRvpiEkV91IclbRFh0TsnQCKRc11BYc_wfN1_ojpGK2glwFh0p88n7YtyU7FTOD6_el8oRF6JQc9K6y4T9wJbFNEbH/s1600/Photoshop+Action+Postcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrxxlnuJ7aKMN8W8zGPEJnURhSgnHOYuyXUfQ9wPZOkjLRvpiEkV91IclbRFh0TsnQCKRc11BYc_wfN1_ojpGK2glwFh0p88n7YtyU7FTOD6_el8oRF6JQc9K6y4T9wJbFNEbH/s320/Photoshop+Action+Postcard.jpg" width="290" /></a></div>
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Some details<br />
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Make a couple of layers with your starting photograph<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS6CYojLVd1ZjUtdBjsObvPW2QFsee5Pmta2dk0K8blLLWZQDPtqQL1m2-rjHVavwADyykH-jrT3rXju2tVtK3sLOA0yeoKIE1-xbsILv354dCtk73Eq-29NfBtzf_2nbOgqS/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.44.11+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwS6CYojLVd1ZjUtdBjsObvPW2QFsee5Pmta2dk0K8blLLWZQDPtqQL1m2-rjHVavwADyykH-jrT3rXju2tVtK3sLOA0yeoKIE1-xbsILv354dCtk73Eq-29NfBtzf_2nbOgqS/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.44.11+AM.jpg" width="295" /></a></div>
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Blend 'Color' Mode on the top layer<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0NgEqiua3bXCa9qGE7cy5z9H4xaxU6EiUzbVaQTDrQ5Vafyl6XQSBEB27uGSEGoLnTvG83XmerKZWfvmeQHiyIKxT2kJWTGf0IQOZ2IMQckM6pY0uUGJnmRV96LphsiJvPHZo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.44.30+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0NgEqiua3bXCa9qGE7cy5z9H4xaxU6EiUzbVaQTDrQ5Vafyl6XQSBEB27uGSEGoLnTvG83XmerKZWfvmeQHiyIKxT2kJWTGf0IQOZ2IMQckM6pY0uUGJnmRV96LphsiJvPHZo/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.44.30+AM.jpg" width="292" /></a></div>
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Select the second layer down just below the 'Color' mode layer. You will convert that to a monochrome version.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1EJrcy4cTxLbYlTMXCbDd4uxPwlnc2agl83Rap8WoT6MczCZ9313SRvF85lg_hQrRbAzZ_nxZhj0_gW8-AabC1TXrcnE_EHfdv9Bcg1zu8wPlT3VKsFNpmewYbZ3CdIF0zZQC/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.45.03+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1EJrcy4cTxLbYlTMXCbDd4uxPwlnc2agl83Rap8WoT6MczCZ9313SRvF85lg_hQrRbAzZ_nxZhj0_gW8-AabC1TXrcnE_EHfdv9Bcg1zu8wPlT3VKsFNpmewYbZ3CdIF0zZQC/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.45.03+AM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Select Silver Effects Pro in the Nik plugin<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2a50ELiyLKmk5a202TVyQ90rf3_uC8hn73m1EB5jDZEqRR_j9Dze8pZFDDpz7HubGzsNyjgJv50rSDwbqogUPHX3pS2vIWCb5GdvLNkjbOHSCY3YfivAcCZiI6E2G_24yv580/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.47.49+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2a50ELiyLKmk5a202TVyQ90rf3_uC8hn73m1EB5jDZEqRR_j9Dze8pZFDDpz7HubGzsNyjgJv50rSDwbqogUPHX3pS2vIWCb5GdvLNkjbOHSCY3YfivAcCZiI6E2G_24yv580/s320/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.47.49+AM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Where you will have several options to choose from<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIy1D44H0sWT-RPkGtbJ1IUtbf1l2MF-JEvFK-DDiX4ZDBu_F9m3hHGRK1tYAAe_pSHxfUKTzE9gu-FJcksU6k7vnJmp6VLFFlHnASMtsY-0630A2l8Mz5wp8jI5RDCNskYCCE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.48.40+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIy1D44H0sWT-RPkGtbJ1IUtbf1l2MF-JEvFK-DDiX4ZDBu_F9m3hHGRK1tYAAe_pSHxfUKTzE9gu-FJcksU6k7vnJmp6VLFFlHnASMtsY-0630A2l8Mz5wp8jI5RDCNskYCCE/s400/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.48.40+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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I selected Antique Plate II </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNmhJnwNw0jHfgNzaf2jRmPJWiv6VURoPTyG4eUVosozuiEhQg58LsOPjOH-PVTiYLI7fN5qXRizDz7p96Q_68j2KSDAuDgHg8qZXUYX2lWja1HWUWdukA9K6oEmmdgDTdRKa/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.56.38+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwNmhJnwNw0jHfgNzaf2jRmPJWiv6VURoPTyG4eUVosozuiEhQg58LsOPjOH-PVTiYLI7fN5qXRizDz7p96Q_68j2KSDAuDgHg8qZXUYX2lWja1HWUWdukA9K6oEmmdgDTdRKa/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-05-19+at+10.56.38+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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How it looks before adding color</div>
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<br />misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-56123151241515785642015-01-17T17:46:00.001-08:002020-08-22T08:41:55.256-07:00Random Events, Trends, and Hot Temperatures<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Random
Events, Trends, and Hot Temperatures<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;">(c) Ken
Osborn Jan 17, 2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Today's
papers (Jan 17, 2015) say 2014 was the hottest on record since 1880. An
engineering friend says the trend may be just a random thing. Could that be?
Though the data do show a reasonable closeness to an independently produced set
of random values with the same average and variability (standard deviation), I
decided to test it by comparing the first half of 1880-2014 to the second half.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">If
random, dividing the data into two halves and ordering the values from lowest
value to highest within each half would produce two superimposed sets that
would be indistinguishable. If they are part of a trend of increasing
temperatures, the sets would not superimpose and the second set would be
shifted to the right on the chart. So which is it? Check out the graphs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p> [</o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 19px;">Data
source: <span style="color: #2a4389; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><a href="http://data.giss.nasa.gov/">http://data.giss.nasa.gov/</a>]</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
First,
let me state that I do understand that random events can generate what appears
to be a trend, as in this example:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3SVb6Zd2Edr7QXUvQbI0MJsd_m0y53epD5ssOCS4OG9PhnfDpBqwFaycpEJji81xc8a6CNG2HFXN_bQd084AOwBo7laQvHMNBNNz0UjuCvuzOcR40wroTOm14h9w1jVCxeObP/s1600/Chart1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3SVb6Zd2Edr7QXUvQbI0MJsd_m0y53epD5ssOCS4OG9PhnfDpBqwFaycpEJji81xc8a6CNG2HFXN_bQd084AOwBo7laQvHMNBNNz0UjuCvuzOcR40wroTOm14h9w1jVCxeObP/s1600/Chart1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
Chart 1:
Example of a 'trend' from a random generation of values <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
The
Random Walk chart displays what appears to be a strong trend with a correlation
coefficient of 0.96, sufficient to earn an award for superior performance by an
inebriated soul staggering along a mostly straight path. I should note
that it took over 50 runs of the program to get this result and doubt I could
reproduce this particular set again. </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
But if
we can get a randomly generated collection of results to look like a trend, how
do we know that our trend was not generated randomly? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">One way,
of course, would be to rerun the events and see if we get the same trend.
However, since I'm looking at data collected from 1880 to 2014 that is
not a realistic approach. Another way would be to take the data, split it
into two halves, and compare the two halves. If the data are a random
distribution around a central value, the first half of the data should match
the second half of the data. But first, let's try that with some randomly
generated data.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 21px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GrBa0adMl_0tIGFpI8U_b3Yk5TtkTJSp4t8SbdEvM4Ifq-JeFecSWkjTNLc60FcNrtuwa0Tvde01twyOwZu5VuGZqtjC_s-wJW82cMn4tnc9V3-u6vE7H9Hy_Q-R8zKtzPrR/s1600/Chart2b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5GrBa0adMl_0tIGFpI8U_b3Yk5TtkTJSp4t8SbdEvM4Ifq-JeFecSWkjTNLc60FcNrtuwa0Tvde01twyOwZu5VuGZqtjC_s-wJW82cMn4tnc9V3-u6vE7H9Hy_Q-R8zKtzPrR/s1600/Chart2b.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
Chart 2:
Plot of 100 random values generated by a Monte Carlo simulation </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">In chart
2, 100 random values ordered from low to high are plotted against their rank
(probability). Half of the values exceed and half are below the average of zero
and are symmetrically distributed around the center. In other words,
these data exhibit a nice Normal type distribution. Note that the average
and standard deviation for these data are the same as the temperature data to
follow. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">So now if
those data are split into two halves and each half is ordered independently
from lowest value to highest value and plotted against its rank, what do we
get? </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKm-9EsdybhGP7FfbT7pc_z18R87E84Rq2_C3d4CHdpztVo8nRHEfDhO1Rwt2xEixzWMdr4fOVPe7q4SBZNQXKyksyROc7srxMfoOvYQE-qtzhjuvOl3NRCf3n2_C81oXaToe/s1600/Chart3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKm-9EsdybhGP7FfbT7pc_z18R87E84Rq2_C3d4CHdpztVo8nRHEfDhO1Rwt2xEixzWMdr4fOVPe7q4SBZNQXKyksyROc7srxMfoOvYQE-qtzhjuvOl3NRCf3n2_C81oXaToe/s1600/Chart3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
Chart 3:
Comparison of two halves of a randomly generated set of values after
ranking each half</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">The
values in blue represent the first half of 100 random values and the ones in
red the second half. Each half was then ranked from lowest to highest
value and plotted against the ranking (1 to 50). The superimposition is
not exact, but these are randomly generated results so one should not expect an
exact agreement between individual values. But maybe a real trend would
also show something like this. Let's try it. </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinLa_FaNA7DIIhALCwHfvpF_y_0iD35uoHJsF1g404M9rHOkWn03wwTKkTb_wnUVu2CDJ5PkhEx_AhQX8hTor-K82zf6pWGe60I2tIBmb8bBQJaoGV0NFUM8tp7eU-08ZTSnfz/s1600/Chart4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinLa_FaNA7DIIhALCwHfvpF_y_0iD35uoHJsF1g404M9rHOkWn03wwTKkTb_wnUVu2CDJ5PkhEx_AhQX8hTor-K82zf6pWGe60I2tIBmb8bBQJaoGV0NFUM8tp7eU-08ZTSnfz/s1600/Chart4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
Chart 4:
A trend (Y= 10X+5) of 100 values partitioned into two ordered halves </span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #10121b; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-fareast-language: JA;">The
trended data set of 100 values was generated from the formula Y = 10X+ 5.
The set was divided into two halves and each half was ordered from lowest
value to highest value then plotted against its rank from 1 to 50. Unlike
in chart 3 with conformable data sets, these two sets show no overlap at all.
So how will this work with real data? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfye6AermWjzj6cMSygabJ1z52oLsw5x53k2w_t7dk3qocKt1N70tJpZ44erKnXuoYOlSauRWgj8CRYPCCcwMkqqmKZDvTF1weeAqG4vNBK6Ae3TyTHBWEcPTiFMtS4TUBAO7/s1600/Chart5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibfye6AermWjzj6cMSygabJ1z52oLsw5x53k2w_t7dk3qocKt1N70tJpZ44erKnXuoYOlSauRWgj8CRYPCCcwMkqqmKZDvTF1weeAqG4vNBK6Ae3TyTHBWEcPTiFMtS4TUBAO7/s1600/Chart5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Chart 5: Comparing the
ranked temperature anomalies from 1880 to 2014 with a random data set<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Source: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;">The values in green in
chart 5 represent the temperature anomalies from 1880 to 2014 ranked from
lowest to highest value. Each value represents the deviation from the
average for the 20th century. The values in blue were randomly generated
using the mean and standard deviation from the temperature anomaly set.
They do look as close as two separate runs of a random number generator.
But remember, the real test is to see if the first half of the data (1880
to 1946) matches the second half (1947 to 2014). Any guesses? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD0ATKB0BV0XCPONRef9lraXfFU9bax_kdoAsyFqZ8bdqcLLfhiQr0othkpziWNOmG69G-nVEBfNGFg47e6pE3erIH3PADCSIiNXYoMb1fTEAOI8aJRSHa5AaPjlHq13lLd0Yx/s1600/Chart6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD0ATKB0BV0XCPONRef9lraXfFU9bax_kdoAsyFqZ8bdqcLLfhiQr0othkpziWNOmG69G-nVEBfNGFg47e6pE3erIH3PADCSIiNXYoMb1fTEAOI8aJRSHa5AaPjlHq13lLd0Yx/s1600/Chart6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Chart 6: Comparison of two
halves of the 1880-2014 temperature data anomalies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;">
In chart 6, the values in red are for the years
1880 to 1946 and the values in green for 1947 to 2014. Each set is
ordered from its lowest to highest value and plotted against corresponding
year. They do not match and are clearly two separate distributions.
I leave the conclusion to you as to whether these data have been
generated by random events. </span></div>
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misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-25672321628031127272014-07-28T18:44:00.002-07:002020-08-22T08:44:20.419-07:00The Rise and Fall of a Flickr Photo<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> <w:UseFELayout/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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The Rise and Fall of a Flickr Photo<o:p></o:p></div>
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If you post photos to Flickr, you can see the views accumulate and then dramatically decline until there are few or no daily views. This is expected, but what determines how many views are received and how rapidly the decline occurs? Is there a relationship between the views on an individual image and its associated album? Is there a reverse relationship such that a popular image can bring views to other associated images in the album? <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">One of my images, <i>On a Very Warm Day</i>, got some extra attention when it was invited to the group <i>Explore</i>. I hadn’t heard of it before, but once there the counts climbed dramatically, exceeding 1000 in a matter of hours. I have a few images that exceed 1000 views, but it is usually after several months or even years. While it is an appealing image, it was still a surprise. But given this opportunity, I watched the statistics a bit more closely. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlElVzLjRZzSDJ7DD-OF-3HcFaHLZITPJcR2-PcxokeJpCnZx9vlKtGZ-NTgObKm1B3yAokHgq_v_zM-LlkURSVzzye33-ngSXk5E3DYx9a2MltBlYdEc2KU2evweEk2ttI1JC/s1600/OnAVeryWarmDay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlElVzLjRZzSDJ7DD-OF-3HcFaHLZITPJcR2-PcxokeJpCnZx9vlKtGZ-NTgObKm1B3yAokHgq_v_zM-LlkURSVzzye33-ngSXk5E3DYx9a2MltBlYdEc2KU2evweEk2ttI1JC/s1600/OnAVeryWarmDay.jpg" height="416" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>On a Very Warm Day</i><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">I tracked the views over the first day during the count climb and then over the next few days as the views declined. It is obvious that initial fame is fleeting and the counts go down rapidly. After nine days the daily views declined to under 50/day from the initial 2000+ on day 1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrXgRZ-QFQ_hjxGQLS_YEmzWmjVUrqBr800Dws-ubX86VGjIRsvv7QVfpVEBmz8rz-XcnBKqp3HyvFlwsjK64-t2QcwcL3pupHLNjsdCYeirKH_98Gkjp5cxlF0K8C1V11sg_h/s1600/FlickrStatsWarmDay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrXgRZ-QFQ_hjxGQLS_YEmzWmjVUrqBr800Dws-ubX86VGjIRsvv7QVfpVEBmz8rz-XcnBKqp3HyvFlwsjK64-t2QcwcL3pupHLNjsdCYeirKH_98Gkjp5cxlF0K8C1V11sg_h/s1600/FlickrStatsWarmDay.jpg" height="336" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Flickr Image Stats</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
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{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
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</style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;">When the Warm Day image views are plotted together with the views of all my Flickr posts, the two curves parallel each other (Chart I). </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br />
</span></span></span> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEV7gNTcKDGZMcyFeFV7zvxL2cEzrTn9simxOVst8GdPngy9qzqqaLL8koQVL9fPTBFLhxpu-yIKRPpjhPEGGu8UfF7m8jwbM_zI3LiywQsYCTSXfsLlRRlipkYhNxdItxz4Kq/s1600/ChartI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEV7gNTcKDGZMcyFeFV7zvxL2cEzrTn9simxOVst8GdPngy9qzqqaLL8koQVL9fPTBFLhxpu-yIKRPpjhPEGGu8UfF7m8jwbM_zI3LiywQsYCTSXfsLlRRlipkYhNxdItxz4Kq/s1600/ChartI.jpg" height="332" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16pt;">Chart I: Image and Total Views Over a Nine-Day Interval</span></td></tr>
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<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> To see if there was a correlation, I plotted the cumulative image views against the cumulative total views (Chart II). The correlation is 0.95 indicating a strong relationship between total views and image views. </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLSmhK-pj3KeeFYZNI6jIdIEkOSYa2s7enpNw7YKH8OMk5G9R80_tQm4cJBgUsfi57ks0eyGyLIwwogrKpyN-3TMOsTsnMHM9AAUAblMC_co-Qh6a2Ug_9hQLEhEySlOpA9sI/s1600/ChartII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdLSmhK-pj3KeeFYZNI6jIdIEkOSYa2s7enpNw7YKH8OMk5G9R80_tQm4cJBgUsfi57ks0eyGyLIwwogrKpyN-3TMOsTsnMHM9AAUAblMC_co-Qh6a2Ug_9hQLEhEySlOpA9sI/s1600/ChartII.jpg" height="432" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Chart II: Cumulative Image Views as a Function of Total Views<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
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</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span> <br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The fit indicates that for each additional 1000 total views, images views would increase on average by 444; at least during this 24 hour period. This made me wonder if this relationship held over each of the time intervals for July 20. For example, was it possible that during some of the time intervals, all of the views were due just to this one image? </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZW8wXxs0HzsJZC-Onv5wfDsfqApZSWky7O86MA6HqnkwUqtzv4Gz5hD6Ahe9f-lYvUZSfcKxIXKTI0x3H4SsaLlpj7HG3rE_wn_Ptxe1Vnjj8QoIVYbFZ84JKjf8fv-SXzccB/s1600/RelativeIncreaseImageViewsWTime.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZW8wXxs0HzsJZC-Onv5wfDsfqApZSWky7O86MA6HqnkwUqtzv4Gz5hD6Ahe9f-lYvUZSfcKxIXKTI0x3H4SsaLlpj7HG3rE_wn_Ptxe1Vnjj8QoIVYbFZ84JKjf8fv-SXzccB/s1600/RelativeIncreaseImageViewsWTime.jpg" height="280" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">Chart III: Relative Increase in Image Views Based on Total Views Over Time</span></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Chart III shows the slope of the image views plotted against time where the slope is relative to the total views. The maximum value at 1:11 pm was 1.3, which means for an increase in total views of 100 the single image view increase was 133 – an impossibility since the total views include the image views. While the cumulative total views always exceeded the cumulative single image views, it should also hold that the increase in total views during any given time interval should never be less than the single image views. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">So what now? I suspect the discrepancy in the image view increase at hour 1:11pm is a bug in the Flickr views. Initially I thought it was a typo on my part but have checked the numbers and don't think that is the case. It makes sense that a strong image can bring in more traffic to other associated images, but this analysis makes a weak case to support that contention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Nonetheless, I had fun doing the analysis and may try to determine the source of the mysterious discrepancy.<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-5528445067441686192014-01-27T08:47:00.001-08:002014-01-27T10:30:47.341-08:00Point Molate Slide Show Using Flickr Slide Show Generator and ID Gettr<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;">(c) Ken Osborn 2014</div><div><br />
</div><br />
Tutorial: <i><b><a href="http://misterkenblog.blogspot.com/2013/01/creating-flickr-slide-show-on-your-blog.html">Creating a Flickr Slide Show on Your Blog</a> </b></i><br />
<br />
<a href="http://fabiocavassini.com.ar/SlideShowGenerator.html">Slide show generator</a> <br />
<a href="http://idgettr.com">ID Gettr</a> <br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe align="center" frameborder="0" height="800" scrolling="no" src="http://www.flickr.com/slideShow/index.gne?user_id=78439543@N00&tags=Point Molate&" width="800"></iframe><br />
<br />
<br />
misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-75612664978835047202013-08-29T08:55:00.000-07:002013-08-29T18:57:28.324-07:00Using a Monte Carlo Program to Define Process Control Parameters<!--[if !mso]>
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<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
Using a Monte Carlo Program to Define Process Control Parameters</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
© Ken Osborn 2013</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=34501754"></a><br /><b>Abstract</b>: Profiler is a program written in Excel® Visual Basic® and uses a Monte-Carlo simulation to fit process data to a Normal distribution. Output includes raw data and simulation statistics and outliers are identified and flagged. If the data are not skewed and show a good fit except for the outliers, process control limits can be calculated from the Normal curve average and standard deviation. <br /><br /><b>The Problem</b><br />Controlling any production process like weight of material added to a mix, treatment and discharge of a waste product, or analysis of a material requires that the variance be predictable. When a process exceeds the established variance it is out-of-control. Process control parameters include the process average, standard deviation, and control limits. Control limits are frequently set at the average plus or minus three standard deviations.<br /><br />The difficulty with this approach is that if the statistics used to set the control limits are generated when the process is out-of-control they will overestimate the acceptable range of variance by including outliers that may not be initially suspect. This may be particularly true at process startup when there is no baseline of data. <br /><br /><b>The Solution</b><br />To avoid the problems of outliers driving the process control statistics, the control limit statistics can be derived from a Normal distribution fitted to the process data. The Normal distribution will exclude outliers and more closely reflect the variance in the process output when it is under control. <br /><br />Profiler, a program written in Excel, fits a Normal curve to a data set using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fit is iterative starting with an initial guess which checks for fit against the 25th and 75th percentiles of the data. Adjustments are made to the mean and standard deviation of the simulation until a pre-set error is achieved based on the 75th percentile. The error is optimized for low error vs time for convergence. Output consists of 100 data points, simulation mean, standard deviation, 25th, 75th, and 99th percentiles, and flags all values in the original data set exceeding one standard deviation of the 99th percentile. <br /><br /><b>An Example</b><br />Data plotted in red in Chart 1 are from a waste discharge stream controlling for mercury. Clearly some of the values are outliers and do not represent the process when it is in control. <br /><br /> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9MVEODhLpsFELi49XymkiBdRE15HYRBv1C5_ISzB12Wm-GeTn8KzZWlqesNn2aYw9mpxfJK-Qisk4rgweAFQEyQl_d4TykWfECUcQMEPlRIl69zY1HjB11MLwXggm3jTgYUUq/s1600/chart+1.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9MVEODhLpsFELi49XymkiBdRE15HYRBv1C5_ISzB12Wm-GeTn8KzZWlqesNn2aYw9mpxfJK-Qisk4rgweAFQEyQl_d4TykWfECUcQMEPlRIl69zY1HjB11MLwXggm3jTgYUUq/s400/chart+1.jpg" /></a><br /> Chart 1: Mercury in discharge vs Monte Carlo simulation<br /><br />The blue line represents the Monte Carlo fit to a Normal distribution. The majority of the mercury discharge data exhibit a close fit to the simulation curve with outliers clearly visible. The statistics for the mercury and simulation results (Table 1) show the divergence from normalcy at the extreme ends of the distribution. Of course, we are only concerned about the high outliers that would drive the statistics if retained. Using the raw data, a 3-sigma upper control limit (3S UCL) calculates as 240 while the simulation UCL is 141. <br /><br />Since the raw data clearly include results from the process when it was out of control, outliers should be excluded. But which ones? Using the raw data 3S UCL leaves several high values that could misrepresent the process when in control. Conversely, using the simulation UCL may remove more values than justified. Using an alternative determination of 1 standard deviation above the 99%tile (UCL_PTile), the simulation UCL_PTile is 133. If the raw data 3S UCL is used, there are six outliers (240, 250, 290, 300,310, and 400). If the simulation UCL_PTile value is used, there are ten outliers (175, 180, 190, 200, 240, 250, 290, 300, 310, 400). These are the values plotted in red at the extreme right in Chart 1. <br /><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=34501754"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD8G2w1ynsEidpwpYquq-Nkq6R-dGUUsJK2pz1najGhFKEvHnm9Ev-6CHtjdWOnBKSdYRWP9-Z6IMlEgA4tpIFkKhfKzKbu0ERc4Yni1oNoe6aIvyS0SbOZjxO33u2nGpUDOyo/s1600/Table+1.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD8G2w1ynsEidpwpYquq-Nkq6R-dGUUsJK2pz1najGhFKEvHnm9Ev-6CHtjdWOnBKSdYRWP9-Z6IMlEgA4tpIFkKhfKzKbu0ERc4Yni1oNoe6aIvyS0SbOZjxO33u2nGpUDOyo/s400/Table+1.jpg" /></a><br />Table 1: Comparison of Monte Carlo and Raw Data Statistics<br /><br />When the 3S UCL is recalculated for the raw data excluding the outliers exceeding the simulation UCL_Ptile, the statistics for the raw data are comparable to the simulation (Table 2). In addition, whether the 3S UCL or the UCL_PTile is used makes little difference. Once the outliers have been identified, the data represent a process that is predictable. <br /><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Zf5H1IgfiIswWg5UPzoBD4LBL9IRWysZ1VcmRciNroxUdfHLMGyJE-qMBeZW9yYkX8bO6MR1QtQtC7wtvO-p5W0keoZGP3cDMyCZQfY_jOHTYOH5-EtvvR5pxao61o-l-3qR/s1600/Table+2.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Zf5H1IgfiIswWg5UPzoBD4LBL9IRWysZ1VcmRciNroxUdfHLMGyJE-qMBeZW9yYkX8bO6MR1QtQtC7wtvO-p5W0keoZGP3cDMyCZQfY_jOHTYOH5-EtvvR5pxao61o-l-3qR/s400/Table+2.jpg" /></a><br />Table 2: Process statistics after removal of outliers<br /><br /><b>Conclusion</b><br /><br />Statistical control of a process requires establishing realistic control limits based on data that represent the process in control. At startup the process may not be in control and include outliers. Fitting the data to a Normal curve from which the control statistics are derived provides a simple mechanism to identify the outliers and establish statistical process control limits. A Monte Carlo simulation can be used to fit the data to a Normal curve. <br /><br /> If you would like a copy of the 'Profiler' program, please write me. You may use the program for your own purposes or post on your blog with credit. You may not use the program for commercial purposes. Write me at kozborn@sbcglobal.net.<!--EndFragment-->misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-2642738285769226972013-04-07T12:26:00.001-07:002013-04-07T20:59:25.524-07:00UC Berkeley Cherry Tree Project Dedication Ceremony - April 6, 2013"A grove of graceful cherry trees has been planted as a tribute to graduates of Japanese ancestry, in honor of their contributions to society and in recognition of the educational excellence of the University of California." Quoted from: Cherry Tree Project Plaque<br />
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<iframe align="center" frameborder="0" height="500" scrolling="no" src="http://www.flickr.com/slideShow/index.gne?user_id=78439543@N00&tags=cherry trees&" width="500"></iframe><br />
<br />misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-62850104829083204822013-01-18T20:09:00.001-08:002013-01-18T20:11:39.710-08:00Creating a Flickr Slide Show on Your Blog<div style="text-align: center;">
Creating a Flickr Slide Show</div>
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(c) Ken Osborn 2013</div>
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Yes, you can post a Flickr slideshow on your blog site using a gadget, but what if you want a little more control? For that I'm trying the slideshow generator called Flickr Slideshow Generator! You can find it at http://fabiocavassini.com.ar/SlideShowGenerator.html. <br />
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You can make a slide show based on tags, like this one from my sets tagged 'Dickens.' <br />
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<iframe align="center" frameborder="0" height="500" scrolling="no" src="http://www.flickr.com/slideShow/index.gne?user_id=78439543@N00&tags=dickens&" width="500"></iframe><br />
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To start the process you will need an NSID which is a unique number representing you on Flickr. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJGQhiX41_0Gf6FrRSMu79U6Z7iwLoBo8EKTnOCkDKRnL8sK7d0Yac55YpF8forty0gciAY1AfKcMn4OPHVGYMu4B1pnUdpitN67BlV7IEhwNPyuTFJ4Ljp9bk2Z8iUXdeo5Vr/s1600/SlideShowGenerator_UserInput.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJGQhiX41_0Gf6FrRSMu79U6Z7iwLoBo8EKTnOCkDKRnL8sK7d0Yac55YpF8forty0gciAY1AfKcMn4OPHVGYMu4B1pnUdpitN67BlV7IEhwNPyuTFJ4Ljp9bk2Z8iUXdeo5Vr/s400/SlideShowGenerator_UserInput.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entering Information to Access Flickr Images</td></tr>
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To find your id number use idGettr at http://idgettr.com/.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDE8ejvGxldqxhcduZL5h0cDeX3feGECfbGYswdZp2BBN7h8om4Zm1ekQPl2_ckzO05o71KHpEdOA8YWL-2bL9AvlY4ZCJIdF_DFiFTVM4UA3BVJlERfbZB9xMUyCApagThRDj/s1600/idGettr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDE8ejvGxldqxhcduZL5h0cDeX3feGECfbGYswdZp2BBN7h8om4Zm1ekQPl2_ckzO05o71KHpEdOA8YWL-2bL9AvlY4ZCJIdF_DFiFTVM4UA3BVJlERfbZB9xMUyCApagThRDj/s640/idGettr.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">idGettr will Get Your Unique Flickr ID Number</td></tr>
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After you get your ID you then enter either a set URL with or without tags or just tags. If you enter just tags it will grab everything in your Flickr stream with the tag so don't get too crazy because if you are like me you may have a lot of images under some particular tag. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPgSSm_dleaj9CK9aVKuNB3X5oLLHMFswlndMybpi9gJ4GgPSYW7KVK5xeiqzxV7Phql7yhcnqb1SwCNDp_-dpMyEAE4e-zTDy8fZL7IiWNf0HOcqHTDQx2c-ijpqDVvOLl0Js/s1600/Screen+shot+2013-01-18+at+7.45.15+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPgSSm_dleaj9CK9aVKuNB3X5oLLHMFswlndMybpi9gJ4GgPSYW7KVK5xeiqzxV7Phql7yhcnqb1SwCNDp_-dpMyEAE4e-zTDy8fZL7IiWNf0HOcqHTDQx2c-ijpqDVvOLl0Js/s640/Screen+shot+2013-01-18+at+7.45.15+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
Generating the Flickr Slideshow creates an HTML code you can cut and paste into your blog website.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA95AVvM-wDQYDr5CyT2fjWW7CHkGhly63Nx6d19u7tHZRWbdblh0IObcI9SdfpYnsJ4Cb5cjiI-GZiAJ0twg-5ZJhLa-9up7D98wxcBcf73fSxOzqI85VnSnGPe9BUIfBvBI1/s1600/Screen+shot+2013-01-18+at+8.02.11+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA95AVvM-wDQYDr5CyT2fjWW7CHkGhly63Nx6d19u7tHZRWbdblh0IObcI9SdfpYnsJ4Cb5cjiI-GZiAJ0twg-5ZJhLa-9up7D98wxcBcf73fSxOzqI85VnSnGPe9BUIfBvBI1/s640/Screen+shot+2013-01-18+at+8.02.11+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HTML Code for Website</td></tr>
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<br />misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-8449441588819377092013-01-13T19:05:00.001-08:002013-01-13T19:12:15.895-08:00Do You Really Need a Zoom Lens?<div style="text-align: center;">
Do You Really Need a Zoom Lens</div>
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Ken Osborn (c) 2013</div>
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If you have a camera that can take a 25 MP (mega-pixel) image, you may have asked yourself "why do I need a zoom lens?" If, like me, you aren't printing posters and mainly show your photos on your website, why not just use a good prime 50 mm lens? Maybe a 70 mm if you are doing portraiture. With a zoom you can compose the way you want in the field, but if you are going to resize the image prior to posting, what is the difference between doing that and cropping from a larger image? After all, you have all those extra pixels does it really matter how you waste them: by reducing resolution or by cropping them away?</div>
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I decided the only way to answer that question was to try it. </div>
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I used an 18-55 mm zoom lens on a Pentax K5IIS to take two photos. The first at a zoom of 18 mm and the second at 55 mm. </div>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBkFIzGAxxdeSxAEynvfc4BNNjhj0qt33FKAQd1KjHqaos0fESzv1oTWWbJbFjOX0yOZmBpeCL4yaiqrQCUvwhP4ER9M4dcSlIgm8m9Iufhr8SFQin3Gg84Ae7jZgAKj4uUwm1/s1600/_KEO6224NoZoom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBkFIzGAxxdeSxAEynvfc4BNNjhj0qt33FKAQd1KjHqaos0fESzv1oTWWbJbFjOX0yOZmBpeCL4yaiqrQCUvwhP4ER9M4dcSlIgm8m9Iufhr8SFQin3Gg84Ae7jZgAKj4uUwm1/s400/_KEO6224NoZoom.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image 1: 18 mm zoom</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipOoQ41-8W1lj2ysDXlcZcwh-AxAKv-lfBA5eXMiaiPhSVCwlrW7dFGSZN3lPVRA41pMdKp-Sr6pZrNfwFh8DsG0OfNhcuKzGvzAT0KP7fRXe8q0YDl4V1GrcOARhVGMSzmljD/s1600/_KEO6225Zoomed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipOoQ41-8W1lj2ysDXlcZcwh-AxAKv-lfBA5eXMiaiPhSVCwlrW7dFGSZN3lPVRA41pMdKp-Sr6pZrNfwFh8DsG0OfNhcuKzGvzAT0KP7fRXe8q0YDl4V1GrcOARhVGMSzmljD/s400/_KEO6225Zoomed.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">Image 2: 55 mm zoom</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
The 18 mm image was cropped to the focusing chart for an image size of 423 pixels wide. The 55 mm image was cropped to the focusing chart and then resized to 423 pixels wide. So now both images have the same target filling the view and are both at the same final resolution. The results are immediately below with the 55 mm zoom photo on the left and the 18 mm photo on the right. (Click on the image for a larger view.)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9zhRO4XRq-UkYcJ0B82lxXPI8vGhzzAqKPW_p8qdEVzpsYvQaOfCdBgG6zL9hNUH5k5LHqOwAqGVhyphenhyphenj-SiFrGVjGRyfXNJ6-RHbb5PODDsD5IrwdCXEhViAktHnecVrmd3Jm9/s1600/Comparison+for+Zoom+No+Zoom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9zhRO4XRq-UkYcJ0B82lxXPI8vGhzzAqKPW_p8qdEVzpsYvQaOfCdBgG6zL9hNUH5k5LHqOwAqGVhyphenhyphenj-SiFrGVjGRyfXNJ6-RHbb5PODDsD5IrwdCXEhViAktHnecVrmd3Jm9/s640/Comparison+for+Zoom+No+Zoom.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Comparing Resizing (left) vs Cropping (right)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
I have concluded I will keep my telephoto!</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-46638989777456096452013-01-05T19:59:00.001-08:002013-01-06T15:56:14.073-08:00Restoring Old Comics and Memories<!--[if !mso]>
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Restoring Old Comics
and Memories<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Ken Osborn © 2012<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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If you know Photoshop, like old comics, and would like to
see what they looked like new, read on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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I was and still am a big fan of Carl Barks duck stories:
Donald Duck; his nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie; Uncle Scrooge and a host of
relatives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Trying to refresh my memory
on a Scrooge adventure I found an incredible resource, the Duck Comics Revue by
Geoff Moses at <a href="http://duckcomicsrevue.blogspot.com/">http://duckcomicsrevue.blogspot.com/</a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Geoff’s blog is filled with all sorts of goodies including
panels from some well remembered stories.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But after a few decades the print had faded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those old dime comics were printed on a
cheaper paper and were not intended to last forever.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But with Photoshop it’s possible to restore these faded
memories to their former glory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Below are an original scan of a comic panel from the Duck Comics Revue followed by the restored
version.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoc0u-qBoFCVL4LDpEDN3ctE8P63qvaT6eNj0lupBo70zo-Zg01jPmjiDTaIJ6EG1GqMzGTauec_WcDi5XQm3ZxxhQRdmhzDI5mI6BVuNMIVsUljaEeACvntZlENiM-9G_1XBJ/s1600/FadedOriginalPanel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoc0u-qBoFCVL4LDpEDN3ctE8P63qvaT6eNj0lupBo70zo-Zg01jPmjiDTaIJ6EG1GqMzGTauec_WcDi5XQm3ZxxhQRdmhzDI5mI6BVuNMIVsUljaEeACvntZlENiM-9G_1XBJ/s400/FadedOriginalPanel.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Faded Original</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxg6qmq1BqSmMl3PNuq_XsjUAzDxWNjLFmJQE6zhBDwFF14CMCOSJP3Os8Wu6g_YZclpjCiN73O9TKAFva-aUibjw-T7NpSAEFmXq6TRmmnaOC-2ehuwpYC1c5HXxbBZAGMsa1/s1600/RestoredPanel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxg6qmq1BqSmMl3PNuq_XsjUAzDxWNjLFmJQE6zhBDwFF14CMCOSJP3Os8Wu6g_YZclpjCiN73O9TKAFva-aUibjw-T7NpSAEFmXq6TRmmnaOC-2ehuwpYC1c5HXxbBZAGMsa1/s400/RestoredPanel.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Restored Contrast and Colors</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Starting with the scan, open it in Photoshop and take a look
at the histogram.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><br />
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin2knjrVjH_N7XHwbgD5-W-UHLrvgXnKvG6Vauz-7f-Z5uFFhIL7N3M6dzQADgtTsw9pNpxEd_6d8iGEGfjsgWEhfGi_486WZ55CUjeos_hyfczrDkEYmNG9hFX8G9Rd46Tre9/s1600/HistogramFadedPanel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin2knjrVjH_N7XHwbgD5-W-UHLrvgXnKvG6Vauz-7f-Z5uFFhIL7N3M6dzQADgtTsw9pNpxEd_6d8iGEGfjsgWEhfGi_486WZ55CUjeos_hyfczrDkEYmNG9hFX8G9Rd46Tre9/s400/HistogramFadedPanel.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Histogram Using Photoshop Levels</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The histogram is not evenly spread across the full
width with a space at the right (highlights) end consistent with the yellow
faded appearance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mouse click the ‘Auto’
button to improve the contrast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrI_zrg5RzUYxA352dCk1hooAQ5zWjoHPO40jyHMfjvu9eupz0r6_sBKDKfcQ2nAhgIO-SxIVariWYyOLI4qeWC5yPa8Qv03wUPyM1HZh4cfNxyuXq649ilsLAFK8MxHLPpM9/s1600/HistogramAutoLevelsPanel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrI_zrg5RzUYxA352dCk1hooAQ5zWjoHPO40jyHMfjvu9eupz0r6_sBKDKfcQ2nAhgIO-SxIVariWYyOLI4qeWC5yPa8Qv03wUPyM1HZh4cfNxyuXq649ilsLAFK8MxHLPpM9/s400/HistogramAutoLevelsPanel.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Auto Adjust Levels</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</span>Notice that the histogram is now spread across the full
width and the contrast has improved. But there is still a yellow cast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To remove the yellow cast select the white
‘eye dropper’ (it’s the one on the right) and then use it to select an area of
the panel border that is yellow but originally white.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp12v-Rbi_Nx_umnWjqYlwRMybvFD7p2HfG7ggvP1tFPltm5CoTKYJOqt5tygYvZWYXwmDkTNZ6UhZyCiEucX3UuVzF3Fg61MySYbF60G8tNcGtMt4o737NMCwb8WZWtzw6F8p/s1600/WhiteEyeDropperAdjust.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp12v-Rbi_Nx_umnWjqYlwRMybvFD7p2HfG7ggvP1tFPltm5CoTKYJOqt5tygYvZWYXwmDkTNZ6UhZyCiEucX3UuVzF3Fg61MySYbF60G8tNcGtMt4o737NMCwb8WZWtzw6F8p/s400/WhiteEyeDropperAdjust.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eye Dropper for Bright Whites</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwLYn2CAuCNYC4ml0Mp0IYEKbidEfoXXx4C3omDBJ0QgrvSSvc8i7dD_1iuBeT6OOv-RAtN3bWfkvO-PLzuJ5O5d1rl1uTCscsagW42-059gcMmWyrlNGlLXovUprd8WuhUd8z/s1600/EyeDropperHistory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwLYn2CAuCNYC4ml0Mp0IYEKbidEfoXXx4C3omDBJ0QgrvSSvc8i7dD_1iuBeT6OOv-RAtN3bWfkvO-PLzuJ5O5d1rl1uTCscsagW42-059gcMmWyrlNGlLXovUprd8WuhUd8z/s640/EyeDropperHistory.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maybe too white</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p> </div>
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is probably a bit harsh and the original was probably
somewhere between bright white and faded yellow, so fade the levels about 50%.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjnihQcph-RB-zz2MKqafvzyAsa9aLr9E58p3GHBvV0F_8Llv3mrSAC3eqOVPdLDcRHkhGLT-6CqZ2ut-03tblh0RwyfQINfJvOhdqAgm3f-uy4FH6jvvGU3tTCJkKp2n1_QJR/s1600/FadeLevelsHistory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjnihQcph-RB-zz2MKqafvzyAsa9aLr9E58p3GHBvV0F_8Llv3mrSAC3eqOVPdLDcRHkhGLT-6CqZ2ut-03tblh0RwyfQINfJvOhdqAgm3f-uy4FH6jvvGU3tTCJkKp2n1_QJR/s640/FadeLevelsHistory.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Levels Faded 50%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Scanning the comic book will usually leave the print just a little soft, so a bit of sharpening may make the content a little more readable but it’s easy to overdo it so you may need to fade the sharpening.</div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ntfUoE9EEwGXdktSBORXwoXaq6zMHK1vXCXSvNH8Ykg__aMPsc68yiqNTP6oOG2dRVG8YgJGDFpVZkrE4Gv73e3O2kSQYEaK6lRhhf5ud7OOe9u8BEtYA1DBZAkjGsvYOzfv/s1600/SmartSharpenHistory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ntfUoE9EEwGXdktSBORXwoXaq6zMHK1vXCXSvNH8Ykg__aMPsc68yiqNTP6oOG2dRVG8YgJGDFpVZkrE4Gv73e3O2kSQYEaK6lRhhf5ud7OOe9u8BEtYA1DBZAkjGsvYOzfv/s640/SmartSharpenHistory.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<o:p> Sharpening a Little Harsh with Halos</o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Pb-ZOrjZ1nMwvaxQKyfg9ovpEcP2cnbuDgKMpsZHZbh6HZ62XOr1A2m7fh8zblK8b_y3HcwCHnjqY6OvZMnBBKQxkdfeiIM74KB09NQjmDib3o7km_7ov_SYgAxDCwkVK-Uu/s1600/FadeSharpenHistory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1Pb-ZOrjZ1nMwvaxQKyfg9ovpEcP2cnbuDgKMpsZHZbh6HZ62XOr1A2m7fh8zblK8b_y3HcwCHnjqY6OvZMnBBKQxkdfeiIM74KB09NQjmDib3o7km_7ov_SYgAxDCwkVK-Uu/s640/FadeSharpenHistory.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sharpening Faded</div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Before leaving the topic, here is one more example from a
classic Donald Duck adventure, Trick or Treat (1952).</span></div>
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-top: 6px; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR_AACoU96aL07dapVwXsUdJ74vpvPypiW5QNZVYDpc3N3RHd3_ykTDl3orK87Q-joczR0RpTNMmVjBfW2L_94MiaGqs846NheC-bUamI3hxxzppWuknCAL2JUjdNGkeyGIiZp/s1600/Screen+shot+2013-01-05+at+5.49.21+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR_AACoU96aL07dapVwXsUdJ74vpvPypiW5QNZVYDpc3N3RHd3_ykTDl3orK87Q-joczR0RpTNMmVjBfW2L_94MiaGqs846NheC-bUamI3hxxzppWuknCAL2JUjdNGkeyGIiZp/s400/Screen+shot+2013-01-05+at+5.49.21+PM.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: center;">Original from Trick or Treat</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80it103kYG78uNjJhgjbqiPf_2rVl9cq_3HmIYKvpywq4WQi8kemtd3DgC5UYXAt4Fjt6cMVKt8CJvjlNrXud9Utk-K6jNULRoVcZF4PFOTUZSsq4GO7FxJnRGGPVbUFcn2Kr/s1600/Screen+shot+2013-01-05+at+5.49.10+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80it103kYG78uNjJhgjbqiPf_2rVl9cq_3HmIYKvpywq4WQi8kemtd3DgC5UYXAt4Fjt6cMVKt8CJvjlNrXud9Utk-K6jNULRoVcZF4PFOTUZSsq4GO7FxJnRGGPVbUFcn2Kr/s400/Screen+shot+2013-01-05+at+5.49.10+PM.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Restored Version</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
And that’s it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you
want to see a restored version of a 1950’s 3D Donald Duck giveaway, check it
out at <a href="http://duckcomicsrevue.blogspot.com/2013/01/witch-hazel-remastered.html">http://duckcomicsrevue.blogspot.com/2013/01/witch-hazel-remastered.html</a>
on Geoff Moses’ blog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--></span><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
</div>
misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-24692468918314347072012-12-21T16:52:00.001-08:002012-12-21T16:52:53.260-08:00People Behind the Numbers<br />
A guest presentation by Linnea Hoover, Laboratory Supervisor 2012<br />
<br />
Ever wonder how the quality of your drinking water is ensured? A combination of good water sources, regulations that set the standards, water treatment infrastructure, and a testing laboratory. But it takes people to operate the infrastructure and chemists, microbiologists, and technicians to test the water quality. Who are these people? <br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Linnea Hoover, A former colleague who supervises a chemistry section at the East Bay Municipal Utility District's Laboratory, has combined her interests in science, photography, and art to show the human side of the laboratory. In a gallery of photographs that display the many faceted personalities in the laboratory, Linnea has matched her staff with icons of art and history in a creative collection you can view at:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0ByxHzIqC4EIYVEpPR0VyeUQ4UDA">https://docs.google.com/open?id=0ByxHzIqC4EIYVEpPR0VyeUQ4UDA</a><br />
<br />
While the photographic display shows that humor and science can coexist, it is important to remember that the people you saw in the gallery take their jobs seriously and understand the need to maintain and calibrate their instrumentation; perform tests to ensure the results are reproducible and correct; and that when the numbers say a substance is not analytically present its analytical absence is confirmed. When coworkers understand their profession, work as a team, and can even express joy in their work the product will show it. <br />
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-61894267035644990002012-12-12T10:35:00.000-08:002013-01-05T20:25:52.772-08:00The Photography Challenge - A Progression in Time<div style="text-align: center;">
(c) Ken Osborn 2012</div>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">I recently joined a photography Meetup that convenes every two weeks to critique a photography challenge (http://www.meetup.com/Tinkering-Toms-and-Tammys-Photography-Group/). The challenge for our second meetup was to capture a progression or stages of time, like the metamorphosis of a butterfly, frying an egg, or changes of the seasons.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">I decided to assemble a progression in time with two photos I already had and were separated by several decades. In fact I was not the photographer. A few years ago I assembled a rather large collection of family photographs dating to 1889. Some were still in excellent condition, but many showed the toll of time. Months of work were required to restore many badly faded, mildewed, and otherwise noticeably aged prints. There were two photographs that stood out: a great aunt-in-law, Anna Elizabeth Bell Graham, as a young woman and again in her late years showing a remarkable conformity. While she had obviously aged, the shape and structure of her face was relatively unchanged and her presentation to the camera was the same in both photographs. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">I had some prior experience merging photographs of relatives to show the similarities and differences to others in the family, but had not previously seen such a judicious combination. So I decided these photographs of Anna Bell would be assembled into a progression of time for the Meetup photography challenge. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Anna Bell was born Jan 30, 1884 Anna Elizabeth Bell in West Shokan, NY. The photograph below shows her at the age of five with her younger brother Charles. Fortunately it was the practice of past generations to write information, in pencil, on the back of family photos. That practice is seldom practiced today. </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGqCxyJ-Gty_ylHCZAwkL-KnMOaMwbdWqwqi0RJuzKtxFAg6qC-caDpGOIPHZ9_lg7sfqTteuWrCLJQI5eaC2cu1xxbzKEqs2pKEdWiTJXwHhEr7ReGZxORC_Txx2JNiQmDYoO/s1600/Anna+Bell+Graham+5+yrs++Charles+Wesley+Graham+Jr+3+yrs+1914.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGqCxyJ-Gty_ylHCZAwkL-KnMOaMwbdWqwqi0RJuzKtxFAg6qC-caDpGOIPHZ9_lg7sfqTteuWrCLJQI5eaC2cu1xxbzKEqs2pKEdWiTJXwHhEr7ReGZxORC_Txx2JNiQmDYoO/s400/Anna+Bell+Graham+5+yrs++Charles+Wesley+Graham+Jr+3+yrs+1914.jpg" width="273" /></a></div>
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When Anna's family moved to Illinois, she grew up in a rural setting surrounded by farmland. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUh5-kJazTS1UoV-b2fMK-qDXab_l13_4iITQvJ1UlSLsne9Zt_0-wXaf6Da2-WcPkwvsO8To3laK05Tcch-j7aMTKq3mY10s7rqacjfbY2jnA4LJMM1umP8F-y233dXrGJyy-/s1600/Cameron+Ill+FarEndHouse+CWGraham.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUh5-kJazTS1UoV-b2fMK-qDXab_l13_4iITQvJ1UlSLsne9Zt_0-wXaf6Da2-WcPkwvsO8To3laK05Tcch-j7aMTKq3mY10s7rqacjfbY2jnA4LJMM1umP8F-y233dXrGJyy-/s400/Cameron+Ill+FarEndHouse+CWGraham.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">A photograph of Anna as a young woman in her late teens.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsaLEPST4pWDFlitoNfD7cw8B8X6u3J_LB1Vm_li2-KBKdqNhLyajH9dOLZlq0jMMGSrgIz_KUkJJLr0bJb0UFrJ-1g_Z4R-K0-RBlPd7iguaaLdZ1UMAkIK-rWZCKzRBmaoaw/s1600/01+Anna+Bell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsaLEPST4pWDFlitoNfD7cw8B8X6u3J_LB1Vm_li2-KBKdqNhLyajH9dOLZlq0jMMGSrgIz_KUkJJLr0bJb0UFrJ-1g_Z4R-K0-RBlPd7iguaaLdZ1UMAkIK-rWZCKzRBmaoaw/s320/01+Anna+Bell.jpg" width="249" /></a></div>
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A photograph of Anna in her late years.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXH4JEylz8nRJoR9KMwnQqaTkrA3pQFkUUQhSv2Ty209_gC-2V-VI9vDs_IOjHQpV6eIsgE161v9M8hrjAbnUZtCLqEw81kr4kc26GjlQN2ZW4LFbwr7HhSkiFcMglgQleqOPK/s1600/05+anna+bell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXH4JEylz8nRJoR9KMwnQqaTkrA3pQFkUUQhSv2Ty209_gC-2V-VI9vDs_IOjHQpV6eIsgE161v9M8hrjAbnUZtCLqEw81kr4kc26GjlQN2ZW4LFbwr7HhSkiFcMglgQleqOPK/s320/05+anna+bell.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="217" /></a></div>
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Using these two photographs and Photoshop, I created a sequence of five images showing how she might have looked over the intervening years. </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_LtH_oGUJLuPRKyAEVsQzra9kK1Hfp9lQmUI0xi4XqlNXh12jY8-vpzZ6MD0y7eoakD6IQAwY_oPGlALvRWDKCXqmBOxVcUttfem8V_CVT1RsfHwGOPoHWITPkNAUbQu1iySS/s1600/RS2048Anna+Bell+Thru+Time.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_LtH_oGUJLuPRKyAEVsQzra9kK1Hfp9lQmUI0xi4XqlNXh12jY8-vpzZ6MD0y7eoakD6IQAwY_oPGlALvRWDKCXqmBOxVcUttfem8V_CVT1RsfHwGOPoHWITPkNAUbQu1iySS/s640/RS2048Anna+Bell+Thru+Time.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mouse Click for Larger View</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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I did not know Anna Bell, but I leave one other photograph that has no information on the back and none of my in-laws know exactly when the photograph was made, but it is visibly neither when she was in her youth nor old age. You can judge for yourself whether the sequence above has recaptured Anna Bell in the intervening years. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI_RYSNJtP9Oss-K59TMf_pmzXd_QlZ-NQa8daUbT9fsUPezjp4QSNYNTK2q-HyfR4_si1bRcADzPPbqIn41tFiT4fKoZR3NJ-Q049UpXQi6FEef2xHKeMzEKIbMTslHvw24px/s1600/Anna+Elizabeth+Bell+II+Jan301884+WestShokam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI_RYSNJtP9Oss-K59TMf_pmzXd_QlZ-NQa8daUbT9fsUPezjp4QSNYNTK2q-HyfR4_si1bRcADzPPbqIn41tFiT4fKoZR3NJ-Q049UpXQi6FEef2xHKeMzEKIbMTslHvw24px/s640/Anna+Elizabeth+Bell+II+Jan301884+WestShokam.jpg" width="464" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-32485059818998268592012-11-30T21:21:00.001-08:002012-12-01T10:59:28.220-08:00Histogram Basics<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Histogram Basics for Photographers</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
© Ken Osborn 2012</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
kozborn@sbcglobal.net</div>
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<br /></div>
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Light meter?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Isn’t that something like a sliderule?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few photographers still use light meters
but most of us depend on the histogram to tell us if an image is over or under
exposed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And some know about histograms
but don’t use them because they rely on the camera to make all of the
photographic decisions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nothing wrong
with that if you have no desire or need for creative control, but if you’d like
to go the next step and not let the camera make all the decisions, then this
little tutorial is for you.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
A histogram plots light received
by the camera’s sensor with light value the horizontal axis and number of
pixels on the vertical axis as in the plot below.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNlRvb8x99ksV8zWsc1FBzmiKf034CZ5s1e0776YjuPbhYF6FEhZaU1svnQvEm5abKkIVnpUZ7Hdp4zjAFFXOjlN-7ZykSgkjNhoB0uEPG09_A2AuSr0JYt4iXaKwoaTkbAGwX/s1600/Histogram.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNlRvb8x99ksV8zWsc1FBzmiKf034CZ5s1e0776YjuPbhYF6FEhZaU1svnQvEm5abKkIVnpUZ7Hdp4zjAFFXOjlN-7ZykSgkjNhoB0uEPG09_A2AuSr0JYt4iXaKwoaTkbAGwX/s1600/Histogram.png" /></a></div>
</div>
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Light
values for 8 bit pixels range from 0 (no light) to 255 (blown out highlight).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next chart shows light value assignments
and the relationship to the Adams Zone System numbers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This makes for a total of 256X256X256 color
shades when the Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) channels are combined for full color.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our eyes can see more shades of color than
that but it’s close enough and many color printers can’t do any better.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2anrswcerulvq6esNxE0RnNOyl2b7zgC6cZFwyizaeafiH4OI-C5IebiqGBhezhj1SRAWgBgWIhZ0B2jl93-nPkWLprSjiEmKcS3MKYL528sLroDUF3xn-hsugwtpyvGZMja/s1600/MappingZonesToCurves.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2anrswcerulvq6esNxE0RnNOyl2b7zgC6cZFwyizaeafiH4OI-C5IebiqGBhezhj1SRAWgBgWIhZ0B2jl93-nPkWLprSjiEmKcS3MKYL528sLroDUF3xn-hsugwtpyvGZMja/s320/MappingZonesToCurves.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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So
how do you use a histogram for proper exposure?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Below
is a properly exposed photo shot at sunset.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There are no blown out highlights or blocked up shadows.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs2HEWp4sbQNwUXwhIuZVduBDrhjfSZC5HbXqi4pbxW1GB_cyeVVFe8U_dmOhp3byIjN0AJ8D69N7bw_-Nika3frM9ozqPo60endWZ9u7GhN9Ow3ueODtPz74f_2crx_LmmqHA/s1600/OriginalShot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs2HEWp4sbQNwUXwhIuZVduBDrhjfSZC5HbXqi4pbxW1GB_cyeVVFe8U_dmOhp3byIjN0AJ8D69N7bw_-Nika3frM9ozqPo60endWZ9u7GhN9Ow3ueODtPz74f_2crx_LmmqHA/s400/OriginalShot.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Abandoned
Building at Sunset<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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Now compare to the badly
overexposed image below.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXZo5CINPUFpUcSXOLQSdmjLBMwJKTaqoo8oW5XApX-yOMV9q_XfNp2uzuuUVuWLwoTBs_K9Zs8UHbA_ODn5i03VFNUmP_4yw403q_vNBH3UjQGqB5RouELJxkH_FyAmbndQh/s1600/Overexposed.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXZo5CINPUFpUcSXOLQSdmjLBMwJKTaqoo8oW5XApX-yOMV9q_XfNp2uzuuUVuWLwoTBs_K9Zs8UHbA_ODn5i03VFNUmP_4yw403q_vNBH3UjQGqB5RouELJxkH_FyAmbndQh/s320/Overexposed.png" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Here is the same photo with
the histogram superimposed.<br />
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1sO0j8Hej_JdjpYIs6M_9XfFza-63bUlyDYxZkhz8DIu15uR6f9TehhcoTlRoad98SR7bmyEXuux2zOSa3IseIRHiNkHudQauf-FkBeFSBGM4HFSfCfQdf0m0qdfTrOJeFgtQ/s1600/P1000113OverexposedHistPushRight.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1sO0j8Hej_JdjpYIs6M_9XfFza-63bUlyDYxZkhz8DIu15uR6f9TehhcoTlRoad98SR7bmyEXuux2zOSa3IseIRHiNkHudQauf-FkBeFSBGM4HFSfCfQdf0m0qdfTrOJeFgtQ/s320/P1000113OverexposedHistPushRight.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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Note that the histogram is
pushed to the right with no space on the right side: the highlights are
blown.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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An underexposed version
of the same scene.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vMaCNWPjthMoZ_3R6mNBKyQilrCKJJLC5MqSCSBr6OitqKtfKgA2yoqsW9u6loBWO8jPd5UP2woOPcQkLicD2gFmH5kBvV0ADyNQm23MRbddLnfjJXQhnsLrwociyVwjv_Iu/s1600/Underexposed.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8vMaCNWPjthMoZ_3R6mNBKyQilrCKJJLC5MqSCSBr6OitqKtfKgA2yoqsW9u6loBWO8jPd5UP2woOPcQkLicD2gFmH5kBvV0ADyNQm23MRbddLnfjJXQhnsLrwociyVwjv_Iu/s320/Underexposed.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Perhaps
you want that nighttime look.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That’s
good and exactly why you want control over your shot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before you look at the histogram below, what
will the curve look like?<o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNKTUiKQuXAwnl5SgpGEd8OvHa4bfFbiFt41bpmyMGJSyW84ffuwa2pQwKAxTMqAd1_-w30gx3j68UPFCoTv50plHNAkNpuAktTIfaN7heYuqdqDvMFdMSitTtPOwC6iej8ga/s1600/P1000118UnderexposedHistPushLeft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmNKTUiKQuXAwnl5SgpGEd8OvHa4bfFbiFt41bpmyMGJSyW84ffuwa2pQwKAxTMqAd1_-w30gx3j68UPFCoTv50plHNAkNpuAktTIfaN7heYuqdqDvMFdMSitTtPOwC6iej8ga/s320/P1000118UnderexposedHistPushLeft.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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Of course you knew the curve
would be pushed to the left with the shadows blocked, yes?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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So what does a ‘proper’
histogram look like?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you don’t want
blocked shadows or blown highlights, then you will want a histogram that has
nothing extending to the edges, as in the next image.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTmJkCC2wFhyKdLNGNK_fDCAdXGVQ31Msisq3rh6pgoEpVDUoDwl7CG0wZg1R1bXtfF1CW30BSFHyyAUmGJDMvkvp51y323BCW1DQGSbk-zfdSdWvDrXTZslChqUYAqwS5zz9/s1600/P1000115ExposureOnHistGood.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTmJkCC2wFhyKdLNGNK_fDCAdXGVQ31Msisq3rh6pgoEpVDUoDwl7CG0wZg1R1bXtfF1CW30BSFHyyAUmGJDMvkvp51y323BCW1DQGSbk-zfdSdWvDrXTZslChqUYAqwS5zz9/s320/P1000115ExposureOnHistGood.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
So that’s it. Properly
exposed, a photograph should have neither blocked shadows nor blown
highlights.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shadow areas that are too
dark have no detail and generally lack interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Highlights that are blown also have no detail
and are usually distracting to the central features of the image. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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And now you know what happens
to the histogram if the shadows are too dark or the highlights are too
bright.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span">Of course that is not to say
that the artist’s intention was not have shadows without detail or highlights
that dazzled the eyes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all,
photography is an art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-34109450832693577512012-11-11T10:55:00.001-08:002012-11-11T10:58:50.965-08:00Recapturing Your Pre-digital MemoriesRemember Hi8 video? If you are like me you will have several 20+ year old pre-digital analogue video recordings you may wonder what to do with. You could just forget about them for several more years and let someone else worry about what to do with them or you could convert them to a digital format, put them on a hard drive, and even edit them for the memorable segments like your daughter's first steps, your visit to Paris in 1990, or the historic footage you shot and is now no longer possible because the old factory has been replaced with condominiums.<br />
<br />
Having 30 Hi8 tapes representing over 50 hours of video, I decided it was time to recover some of the past and to perform the remastering from analogue to digital myself. My setup for the process includes an iMac computer, a Sony TR700 video camera (the one originally used to shoot the Hi8 videos), a Elgato Video Capture converter, and cabling to connect camera to Elgato. The Elgato takes both S-Video and Composite Video inputs and provides a USB output. It records in the H.264 mp4 format, which maxes out at 640x480. Seems low rez by today's standards, but Hi8 is not today's standard. Elgato is simple to use but lacks on-the-fly controls although you can batch control brightness, contrast, etc through the Preferences settings. More info on Elgato at http://www.elgato.com/elgato/na/mainmenu/products/Video-Capture/product1.en.html.<br />
<br />
So far I've remastered some 20 hours of video and am mostly satisfied with the quality. Some actually looks a bit nicer than the original when played directly from the camcorder to TV monitor. Some of the converted footage exhibits 'jitters' which are generally not overly noticeable.<br />
<br />
Once a tape has been converted to digital video (DV), it's possible to edit selections. I used iMovie for that purpose. I selected a 30 min segment from a 2 hour tape then edited it to a 7 min video, The Scotia Sawmill - 1993. Scotia was a company town dominated by the Pacific Lumber Company (PALCO). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Lumber_Company for more information.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dztd2UMNx1AMRBjGEBkzKlTKDhpbfQT410Xu6-eZKlcfkmdqVcrX7raVb4_iq_oRePRmwXsFDOWYd4' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br />
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You may need to convert the video format and/or compress it for posting on your blog (Blogger limits file size to 100MB). MPEG Streamclip, free software that will convert formats and compress video files is available for both Mac in PC at http://www.squared5.com/svideo/mpeg-streamclip-mac.html. </div>
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<br />misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-22093536011909866702012-07-03T18:27:00.000-07:002012-07-03T18:27:13.153-07:00OMG! I Just Lost All My iPhoto Photos!!!So you've been storing all your photos using iPhoto and you didn't make a backup. Not a good idea, but some folks still do that and even if you haven't and iPhoto says it's broken how do you get to your photos? <br />
<br />
This happened to a friend and while some of her photos were backed up, there were problems with the backup. Problems with backups are not always apparent until you decide you need to restore some files then find out what you thought was backed up isn't. If this happens because something else went snapfoo your options rapidly dwindle.<br />
<br />
So how do you access images stored in the iPhoto application when the application malfunctions? iPhoto stores the images in folders under the Pictures master folder. The iPhoto application resides within the Pictures folder and acts to retrieve images in the Pictures subfolders. However, it is possible to locate the hidden subfolders. Let me explain how I did this on my MAC. A similar process should work on a PC.<br />
<br />
Even if you store your photos using iPhoto, you probably have one or more images stored elsewhere on one of your hard drives, maybe even the computer's internal hard drive. Enter the file name in the Finder search window and it will display the folders path of the file for each instance of the image. You may have may but probably only one in the Pictures folder. If several, check each one until you find a file path that includes iPhoto Library. In this example, I have searched for a file named "0444 Alignments" and found four instances on my hard drives. Only one of the files with this file name is located in the iPhoto Library. <br />
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<br />
While I cannot open the iPhoto Library if it is not working, I can open the 'Originals' folder. In it are a series of subfolders by year with all of my photos uploaded to iPhoto. <br />
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Once you have come to this point, you are on your own. Happy recovery!!</div>
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<br />misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-44655453960645747682012-06-27T19:20:00.000-07:002012-06-27T19:20:20.536-07:00A Personal Photo Challenge - Seeing the UnseenWhile making some chicken soup and thinking I should take a photograph, I looked around and saw there were other objects in the kitchen and nearby that did not look very photogenic. What if I could see in the infrared? What if I only saw shadows and highlights and nothing in between? Could I make these dull and mundane items look interesting and still retain enough of their original features to be recognizable? <br />
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My personal challenge was to photograph these otherwise dull, mundane, and not so photogenic objects then process the images in-camera with the Pentax K5 filters to bring out features otherwise hidden and see if they could be seen differently. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqW9BmtpRxA1a241tnDg_HTdbwoFXeSGQvTPy03qaSuUVIOhaGx2d1rdpi-ivcTXOVRlrTkak7XgiXLt3EvBWzWVVgJL5tQCWyNjJbGx6Hk42rtsCfWnSve77xV9bQNOlvKtb/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7198.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUqW9BmtpRxA1a241tnDg_HTdbwoFXeSGQvTPy03qaSuUVIOhaGx2d1rdpi-ivcTXOVRlrTkak7XgiXLt3EvBWzWVVgJL5tQCWyNjJbGx6Hk42rtsCfWnSve77xV9bQNOlvKtb/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7198.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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Glad wrap never seemed 'glad' to me, so what if it were brighter, the colors more saturated, and made the box stand out against a black background. Abstracted to unreality but definitely gladder looking!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDK07jzRgt-dc_GwzDe9RZLWKq8jhx-LsbiSH2nLDhnZx6pCw1lOR9goJjO66s7yAD5wK9vSjs33yqg9dZNXIvTzFqAHg_oWJaZQegC-gKjeh4sy1a_2f4aBeB50O4Kwn1fZO1/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDK07jzRgt-dc_GwzDe9RZLWKq8jhx-LsbiSH2nLDhnZx6pCw1lOR9goJjO66s7yAD5wK9vSjs33yqg9dZNXIvTzFqAHg_oWJaZQegC-gKjeh4sy1a_2f4aBeB50O4Kwn1fZO1/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7200.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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You don't remember Easy Money? Well you are younger than I. Of course in real life we know there is no 'easy money' or 'free lunch' but there are those who would make us think so by claiming they can make us rich if only .... [fill in the blanks]. These charlatans must think their victims see things with a distorted view, so I used the distortion filter to make the Money look even easier. But you should take a 'clue' and see that there is a 'risk.' </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhftNxci4yzFUFIrgbr0tD7ynRNv33UwFy5yAjYiIxl6qTVLyPdVdZrTlKZQGsAlASEs7OQM2qGo1o40xKvLGo1xG3a0iJRcYfngJrcezOEDrbtPWsCmGrhrHWNRxWyocKpG9bx/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhftNxci4yzFUFIrgbr0tD7ynRNv33UwFy5yAjYiIxl6qTVLyPdVdZrTlKZQGsAlASEs7OQM2qGo1o40xKvLGo1xG3a0iJRcYfngJrcezOEDrbtPWsCmGrhrHWNRxWyocKpG9bx/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7203.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Chinese Checkers! When I was six I thought this was the greatest game there was and probably because of the bright colors and the sound of marbles thumping distinctly against the metal surface of the board. That sound made it unlike any other board game. That sound is still brought to mind when I look at the distinctive appearance of this Chinese Checkers board.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYQC8CAZiXKDzICYXv7XWlQUFD7-5sAj1ZFkY3JOuv6yUqb1xJ3eCysui4mqIdgK2c9LsLxVGjHq9ZGALGCkPX4cLgBqxD1WPmNrk42xq9n_u6pQJ3cAx7xdVAEPocmSqY5Ej/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtYQC8CAZiXKDzICYXv7XWlQUFD7-5sAj1ZFkY3JOuv6yUqb1xJ3eCysui4mqIdgK2c9LsLxVGjHq9ZGALGCkPX4cLgBqxD1WPmNrk42xq9n_u6pQJ3cAx7xdVAEPocmSqY5Ej/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7208.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
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This is what the coffee pot looks like in the morning before consuming the first cup!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHRGUxMlBs-HI-XuVUIRNpNGGry8t8tFkl1EmBRv37Br_eEnlTBU2sYMmqwR2vwiCcBWqexxnDgDocLPLm_QUD-TbeLEVRXpdG_KDqfolDsy8QI7X99bJ-giQ6ymvVrTfg1ekg/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7495.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHRGUxMlBs-HI-XuVUIRNpNGGry8t8tFkl1EmBRv37Br_eEnlTBU2sYMmqwR2vwiCcBWqexxnDgDocLPLm_QUD-TbeLEVRXpdG_KDqfolDsy8QI7X99bJ-giQ6ymvVrTfg1ekg/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7495.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRJ8R2Uy9QBl9h7-T-W7mWGbATs7h8A2VfH6hom2G_qyMYjO8O4_u2Za7sNoF2DZFo4mR0KPpRpM959t3ecCJZk2PQnquiacL7C67BIlWOcZ9jprTtePkqytlEuc4tdg38uJhQ/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7496.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRJ8R2Uy9QBl9h7-T-W7mWGbATs7h8A2VfH6hom2G_qyMYjO8O4_u2Za7sNoF2DZFo4mR0KPpRpM959t3ecCJZk2PQnquiacL7C67BIlWOcZ9jprTtePkqytlEuc4tdg38uJhQ/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7496.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Not in the kitchen, but seen from the kitchen window, the view of the boulder has recently been slightly obscured by an Elderberry limb that fell in last winter's storm. The boulder has a blue cast and the limb is a collection of linear features. I processed one image to bring out the blue in the boulder and the other to bring out the Elderberry limb. </div>
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Oh yes, what started all of this - the Kitchen Sink Chicken Soup! I call it that because I toss in whatever veggies I can find in the kitchen, though I did not include the sink. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivPSYuCxiytYXDAmKtVF0qExP-B-fdimItBV9IUl0hSaR9Ai9wJoks87ynYKq64l2szbwNco-NvA_EqcT262ygZD7QdhSfSx1s1c6tU8xn8Q0HS-MJX2f8ged6SSSGRGppT1lb/s1600/rs600_Mundane_KEO7225.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivPSYuCxiytYXDAmKtVF0qExP-B-fdimItBV9IUl0hSaR9Ai9wJoks87ynYKq64l2szbwNco-NvA_EqcT262ygZD7QdhSfSx1s1c6tU8xn8Q0HS-MJX2f8ged6SSSGRGppT1lb/s320/rs600_Mundane_KEO7225.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Recipe for Kitchen Sink Chicken Soup: sear 3 chicken breasts in a bit of coconut oil; add enough water to 2/3 of pot capacity; add veggies (sliced red potato, celery, mushrooms, carrots, etc); add spices (curry mix, turmeric, coriander, dash of vinegar, fresh ginger chopped fine, salt to taste). Bring to a light boil without cover for about 40-50 min (add water as necessary).</span></div>
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<br />misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-78679715776477880082012-06-10T21:37:00.001-07:002012-06-11T09:43:37.143-07:00How to Add an Event in Facebook<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">How to Add an Event in Facebook<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Ken Osborn © 2012</div>
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You’ve found an
interesting concert coming up in two weeks and want to post it on Facebook as
an event to share with your friends?
Here’s how to do it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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1)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">
</span>If you
are not in your home page, go there.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRAySVPPQ1b-gwTh_OCH3hfoTKHz7Mem0B_dUrkR6Ilk7wu6IaLLwFA2bPD5gelI-5itZRW3aaYjXoKvssrdqLbbufUr35vV0dIHr6t8BvRe0SEs7uUKbafL8dwYzoEHJquGwv/s1600/GoingHome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRAySVPPQ1b-gwTh_OCH3hfoTKHz7Mem0B_dUrkR6Ilk7wu6IaLLwFA2bPD5gelI-5itZRW3aaYjXoKvssrdqLbbufUr35vV0dIHr6t8BvRe0SEs7uUKbafL8dwYzoEHJquGwv/s640/GoingHome.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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2) On your home page
select “Events.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFVit0AILislbyu5MueUsBVB7rzniAOrXUZ1le4Qh5cr52dE0B1n3kKUjq3reI2PtvZ4fwwDhJtBPla3VMIvaFMjDL7bjWZk6jbSdce74Lg-DXShQSAg1GRrR7wwYLUY2ceL-/s1600/FromHomepageToEvents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxFVit0AILislbyu5MueUsBVB7rzniAOrXUZ1le4Qh5cr52dE0B1n3kKUjq3reI2PtvZ4fwwDhJtBPla3VMIvaFMjDL7bjWZk6jbSdce74Lg-DXShQSAg1GRrR7wwYLUY2ceL-/s640/FromHomepageToEvents.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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3) Here you will see any events you have been
invited to or created yourself. There will be a "Create Event"
box. Select it. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BCGqDnu_a3WPCwsQ7WMVfQNDlboJsEPSD59H-yBoxEPbXWThHKHGx0cP-t6yrqITEnY0NYVvq-45k7oXF6BruNYLpq_0nucOLXued9zHtr3WJSBZ1MpqZvle-CgWcBSyXydu/s1600/SelectCreateAnEvent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-BCGqDnu_a3WPCwsQ7WMVfQNDlboJsEPSD59H-yBoxEPbXWThHKHGx0cP-t6yrqITEnY0NYVvq-45k7oXF6BruNYLpq_0nucOLXued9zHtr3WJSBZ1MpqZvle-CgWcBSyXydu/s640/SelectCreateAnEvent.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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4) Now you can fill in the specifics for your
event and create it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDqaPMw8ECEisgNH6V2S-BIyz8M67Bo7umjmT2x5HUc3iva6atj1sGP7uiqn9hF_RG8GbgKlgsHQh8hLDECCyYY1Gza7qLtAQarJ-4vPsvrVf010eZkS3HGkzwbgH1dW0rjNz/s1600/NewEventCreated.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgDqaPMw8ECEisgNH6V2S-BIyz8M67Bo7umjmT2x5HUc3iva6atj1sGP7uiqn9hF_RG8GbgKlgsHQh8hLDECCyYY1Gza7qLtAQarJ-4vPsvrVf010eZkS3HGkzwbgH1dW0rjNz/s640/NewEventCreated.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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5) After creating your event, select invite your
friends.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnTU-jrTmPt9fAesWjUmIvDMV7XdKeHEcpmu21RCFMSmvsaZzrZnh7eTmxVu-llvx2jn0wPG9qlZ-pHWIhJ7hyPCxEJh_INNeaHCy6nuzNpwF-TSI4NgxFZ9HjOi2YAC0GtgY/s1600/EventInviting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnTU-jrTmPt9fAesWjUmIvDMV7XdKeHEcpmu21RCFMSmvsaZzrZnh7eTmxVu-llvx2jn0wPG9qlZ-pHWIhJ7hyPCxEJh_INNeaHCy6nuzNpwF-TSI4NgxFZ9HjOi2YAC0GtgY/s400/EventInviting.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-22814706009516194092012-06-01T10:39:00.002-07:002012-06-11T09:44:09.606-07:00Customizing Your Twitter Page<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;">Customizing Your Twitter Page</span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;">Ken Osborn © 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Did you know you can customize the background design of your Twitter
page? It’s easy, though not straightforward,
so I thought it would be worthwhile to scribble some notes so I wouldn’t forget
how to do it! If it helps you, great.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">The custom part of the design
is the background. I selected a background that matches my business card, then added the logo from my card, and contact information for my Flickr, Facebook, et al
webpages. For you, if the background is an image
that you upload, you will need to build your image in Photoshop or Lightroom
first. (I will not review creating the image, but note that I started with a
Photoshop canvas 2048 wide and 1600 wide and a marker line at 300 pixels to
restrict the area for text.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Start with the home page, as in the example of my home page
below. But there is a problem with my first design. After creating the background image and
uploading it, I neglected to include my LinkedIn page. To correct that omission I went to my profile page. Under the head-and-shoulders icon on the
right side (next to the quill in a box) there is a pull-down menu. Go there and … <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhha2h30EP6vCxJP_n3gkTd-oIM7LeM0FkNdc1d0VyZolrVaZBmxxaUOAI58vkF_q4xY8WUiWUo-3tKo-QPkQBFeHXFDRQyy1BCE5mq9CPTd3sUYaM6BCEWkn733_r6GnFqkhIL/s1600/StartingBackground.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhha2h30EP6vCxJP_n3gkTd-oIM7LeM0FkNdc1d0VyZolrVaZBmxxaUOAI58vkF_q4xY8WUiWUo-3tKo-QPkQBFeHXFDRQyy1BCE5mq9CPTd3sUYaM6BCEWkn733_r6GnFqkhIL/s640/StartingBackground.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">select <i>View my profile
page</i> followed by <i>Edit Your Profile</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Then select the <i>Design</i>
option.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHDHFVNxqLPr1toGw4t3UoaownG_dqJVq4ox3P4geGFgEyOdQG4vJ-IwUbPvEypNUnvSeg7mEL83I_5pNed5xmLQQrmIGQkvhu55FHqW5lma17D9aXUTl_bkeFmy2SFrkTR4qZ/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-05-31+at+1.49.17+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHDHFVNxqLPr1toGw4t3UoaownG_dqJVq4ox3P4geGFgEyOdQG4vJ-IwUbPvEypNUnvSeg7mEL83I_5pNed5xmLQQrmIGQkvhu55FHqW5lma17D9aXUTl_bkeFmy2SFrkTR4qZ/s400/Screen+shot+2012-05-31+at+1.49.17+PM.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="390" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Once in the design page under <i>Customize your own </i>choose an
image file from your hard drive and upload it for the background. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-22101143240208143702012-05-03T09:35:00.000-07:002012-05-03T09:44:09.550-07:00Using a Monte-Carlo Simulation to Model Natural Selection<br />
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Using a Monte-Carlo Simulation to Model Natural Selection<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ken Osborn © 2012<o:p></o:p></div>
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Darwin postulated that natural selection was the driver of
the evolution of species diversity<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=34501754#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>. Elements of this model include 1) a
selective agent as a reproductive threshold, 2) genetic variability
(plasticity), and 3) a continuing process of genetic variation with each
succeeding population. In the Darwinian
model of evolution, natural selection provides a reproductive threshold. Individuals within a population whose genetics
allow them to leave more offspring when challenged by the threshold determine
the genetic direction of the population and the process leads to a “more fit”
population, where fitness is defined in terms of the population’s ability to
adapt to the threshold. If the selective
agent threshold is too high, the population may become extinct. <o:p></o:p></div>
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For example, if color variation within a population of moths
allows some moths to escape predator detection then predation pressure would
act as a selective agent that would result in a change in distribution and
abundance of color expression within the moth population. Of course, the difficulty of finding
camouflaged moths could act on the predator population as a selective agent
driving changes that improved their abilities to detect prey. Another example would be the effect of
climatic variation on a population of Pika.
If genetic variation within the Pika population was insufficient to
provide some individuals who could survive and reproduce in the presence of
shifting summer temperatures, the Pika population would become extinct. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Mathematically these elements can be modeled. I have written a program in Excel using a
Monte-Carlo process to generate a population of values that can evolve into
another population of values in a “natural selection” process. In the model, two numbers define a starting
population: 1) the population average (mean) which represents Darwinian
fitness, and 2) population relative standard deviation which represents genetic
plasticity. Once a threshold is set, the
program generates a new population of values using the mean and relative
standard deviation (RSD). The
Monte-Carlo equations generate a Normal distribution of values with mean = 0
and standard deviation = 1. These values
are converted using the population mean (fitness) and RSD (genetic plasticity). Population values that exceed the threshold
become the basis for the next population.
The process can be repeated with or without a new threshold. <o:p></o:p></div>
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There are several observations I have made from this
model. Some seem reasonable and others
are counter-intuitive. All are potential
candidates for testing, though some might be trivial and others
cost-prohibitive. I leave the testing
for others to pursue. </div>
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Figure 1 is an example of the program output. The distribution of values will be referred to as a population. Fitness is the average value of the population. Spread is the standard deviation. Plasticity is the relative
standard deviation (RSD). Adaptation is the percentage of a distribution that exceeds a threshold. Options allow for specifying an initial and
challenge threshold, where the challenge threshold is set at a level just below
extinction. The extinction threshold is one that exceeds the highest value in a population. Survivors refer to population values that exceed a threshold. <br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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The blue curve is for the initial population, Generation 1. The vertical axis represents values of the population
and the horizontal axis is the count of values (i.e., there are 100 individuals
in the population). The values have
been sorted to provide a less complex visualization of the population
distributions. Individual values in Generation1
vary from a low of 159 to a high of 257 with a fitness mean of 203 and a
plasticity RSD of 10. Values of Generation 1
that exceed the initial threshold of 230 are used to create Generation 2. A challenge threshold (250) was used to
create Generation 4 from Generation 3 (not shown). The table above the plot summarizes the
population statistics for each succeeding generation. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzcgTDobwG3UGivWv4QmQFTxhwWBnnzq76ydiesN1vHvj5JjVWg8NdBPBAttTkNwR2J7c9eMKWzr3NVWz2Nt4840cQsb-iUfaut5Uj-mG7k4D_PuI3K4jmUczrJyvqPW4KhZub/s1600/Fig1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzcgTDobwG3UGivWv4QmQFTxhwWBnnzq76ydiesN1vHvj5JjVWg8NdBPBAttTkNwR2J7c9eMKWzr3NVWz2Nt4840cQsb-iUfaut5Uj-mG7k4D_PuI3K4jmUczrJyvqPW4KhZub/s400/Fig1.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="376" /></a></div>
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Figure 1: Monte-Carlo Evolution
Program Output Example (Run 1)<o:p></o:p></div>
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The most obvious observation is that there is variability
around the mean fitness value. Generation
1 ranges from a minimum of 159 to a maximum of 257. Note that the relative range between maximum
and minimum values decreases with each succeeding generation. I will discuss this more. That there is variability within a population
is a trivial observation given that these numbers are generated using a random
Monte-Carlo process, but it is worth noting.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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The second observation is that for a given set of initial
fitness, genetic plasticity, and selective threshold the final outcome is only
generally predictable. Each run of the
program will generate a slightly different outcome. Figure 2 shows the second run with the same
starting inputs for mean, plasticity, and threshold values as the first run
shown in Figure 1. The changes are small
with a change in mean fitness for Generation 1 from 203 to 204, 241 to 240 for Generation 2,
and 255 to 254 for Generation 4. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijO40QDj4a4fqT_knQzTZ3bkdk6k-ADPFaNy9cayQ0t1N0G2gRhqiOvUMg8WdpO7m7KtIm3mBh9sFTckDv_TOspQKEcp_DKVD-G-lTubC9ZqqtboPxA_oXsPbddpY0Mv4_MA2D/s1600/Fig2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijO40QDj4a4fqT_knQzTZ3bkdk6k-ADPFaNy9cayQ0t1N0G2gRhqiOvUMg8WdpO7m7KtIm3mBh9sFTckDv_TOspQKEcp_DKVD-G-lTubC9ZqqtboPxA_oXsPbddpY0Mv4_MA2D/s320/Fig2.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="290" /></a></div>
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Figure 2: Run #2 for Initial
Settings of Mean =200, RSD = 10, and Threshold = 230. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Again, because this is a Monte-Carlo process this is a
trivial observation. The driver of
genetic plasticity is genetic mutation, a constraint driven but random
processes. A biological population with a specified fitness level and genetic
plasticity would not respond exactly the same way to each instance of a natural
selection challenge even if it were the exactly the same repeated
challenge. If this conclusion is
generally valid, the implication is that smaller population size would lead to
lower adaptability. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The third observation is that for a given fitness and
plasticity, there is a maximum threshold.
Setting the threshold above the maximum causes the program to
crash. I refer to this as the extinction
threshold. Because it is a Monte-Carlo
process, there is variability in the extinction threshold. A setting that causes a population crash in
one run may not result in a crash in the next run. In fact, the challenge threshold for Generation 4
of 250 was initially set high and was expected to result in a program crash
(extinction). It did on the third run,
as seen in Figure 3. Generation 3 had no survivors to contribute to Generation
4. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI7ju0r7Qc-usYXnFrcJCbfB2EIUiO_aIxAcnWmpI5lCJuMOwkidTTZbBuvotKWONucbxQIn3MpcGEP7XZyvPXmpGq998aoHdo4yIlsHZ3vHIsbiej3s-Pa48N34eR2Zm1O9Rd/s1600/Fig3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI7ju0r7Qc-usYXnFrcJCbfB2EIUiO_aIxAcnWmpI5lCJuMOwkidTTZbBuvotKWONucbxQIn3MpcGEP7XZyvPXmpGq998aoHdo4yIlsHZ3vHIsbiej3s-Pa48N34eR2Zm1O9Rd/s320/Fig3.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="289" /></a></div>
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Figure 3: Setting the threshold
above extinction<o:p></o:p></div>
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What happens if the genetic plasticity is increased? If the initial fitness is fixed, changing the
plasticity would be comparable to having two biological populations with the
same overall average fitness but with different ranges from maximum to minimum
fitness. Figure 4 shows what happens
when the plasticity for the first run is doubled from 10% to 30%. Figure 4 shows that the fitness for Generations
2 and 4 has increased relative to run 1 even though the thresholds have not
changed. Generation 4, for example, went
from a mean fitness of 256 to 285. The
increase for Generation 1 from 199 to 205 is within the run-to-run variability
and not significant though the increase of the population maximum for an
individual value from 243 to 334 is. Note
that it would not be expected for the fitness of Generation 1 to change with an
increase (or decrease) in plasticity as it was not challenged with a
threshold. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGPRtC8dwYIbdQUTQ-gfN4i4iyfXMLJnvE7D-P-GDSTbKg2pRkeeadmz0rrg2rcE31D8IVrU2LjiPK7gs60tcfE0ZZFMSCYZJYJKMYfLDjv2fCFOF3iLOc7KPZpD2u01grdWaA/s1600/Fig4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGPRtC8dwYIbdQUTQ-gfN4i4iyfXMLJnvE7D-P-GDSTbKg2pRkeeadmz0rrg2rcE31D8IVrU2LjiPK7gs60tcfE0ZZFMSCYZJYJKMYfLDjv2fCFOF3iLOc7KPZpD2u01grdWaA/s320/Fig4.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="317" /></a></div>
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Figure 4: Increasing genetic
plasticity</div>
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At first it would appear that an increase in plasticity may
not be of value as it not only leads to an increase in the maximum values in
the population (243 to 334 for Generation 1), but also decreases in the minimum
values (from 153 to 104 for Generation1).
Figure 5 used the input conditions for Run 3 with an increase in the
Challenge Threshold from 250 to 280.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJkhjxgnUItJMt8Hx_EYHsrPwbnaja-oM0K_up3ne41Ca2WD66XJI2YlvLpnx9SDnKQn-bOygRYmcnDF0OFBuqvHFawRO_IrwIf-un0qozsM6-nUMuGqxhnJW_YY6jnfrXc7b/s1600/Fig5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHJkhjxgnUItJMt8Hx_EYHsrPwbnaja-oM0K_up3ne41Ca2WD66XJI2YlvLpnx9SDnKQn-bOygRYmcnDF0OFBuqvHFawRO_IrwIf-un0qozsM6-nUMuGqxhnJW_YY6jnfrXc7b/s320/Fig5.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="314" /></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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Figure 5: Increasing the Challenge Threshold after an
increase in plasticity but a fixed initial fitness<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Challenge Threshold is set to affect only Generation 4
and the results are consistent with that condition. The mean fitness of Generation 2 shows a
modest increase, but is within the run-to-run reproducibility. Generation 4, however, shows a much larger
increase from 285 to 300 and both the max and min values have increased. The significance for a biological population
is that even if the population has some individuals that are well below the
mean fitness, the population as a whole may be more responsive to environmental
challenges. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In this model of evolution, is genetic plasticity or genetic
fitness a better predictor of adaptability?
I have rewritten the model to allow for multiple runs with a single set
of input values for fitness, plasticity, and threshold. The percentage of values exceeding a
threshold (PECT) is a measure of adaptability.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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The model was run twenty times for each set of plasticity
and fitness. Column 1 is the Run number,
column 2 is population 1 with fitness of 220 and a plasticity of 10, and column
4 is population 2 with fitness of 190 and a plasticity of 40. The data are presented in Table 2 (note that
there is no Table 1). In this example,
population 2 with the higher plasticity has the higher PECT (57.8 vs 11). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiab7AcwQcE6WtwG_yje0wg7xhpNUmWfi9e-SAYdkYeq-kvzo2kVe3Ao7CEJkjSQB5bFuV8nl4ogoPnpHiXik9MeLXwHeStLPHvgeBrFyMc7bwzFK381a6C6WtIf3vSgTh0DVq1/s1600/Table1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiab7AcwQcE6WtwG_yje0wg7xhpNUmWfi9e-SAYdkYeq-kvzo2kVe3Ao7CEJkjSQB5bFuV8nl4ogoPnpHiXik9MeLXwHeStLPHvgeBrFyMc7bwzFK381a6C6WtIf3vSgTh0DVq1/s400/Table1.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="198" /></a></div>
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This is somewhat counter-intuitive. Consider if the players in a football team at
school A were very evenly matched and all could bench press 200 plus or minus
10 pounds while players at school B could press 190 plus or minus 40
pounds. You might think that the team
with the well matched players and the higher average bench press capabilities
would be more capable of achieving a 250 pound bench press challenge. But in fact only 11% of team A could do that
while 58% of team B could meet that challenge. <o:p></o:p></div>
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This mathematical model of evolution is a simple one and
does not capture the complexity of biological evolution. For example, predator-prey interactions,
group selection, and eco-system feedback loops are not part of this model. Given its simplicity, however, it has
provided a surprising number of testable hypotheses:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<ol>
<li>Increased
genetic plasticity increases adaptability.</li>
<li>There
are limits to adaptability for a given plasticity and genetic fitness: a
selection threshold that is too high will result in extinction. </li>
<li>In an environment where the threshold is changing, adaptation to a challenge
threshold is greater for the population that has been subjected to the higher non-extinction threshold below the challenge threshold.</li>
<li>As
the selection threshold increases, genetic plasticity of a population
decreases.</li>
<li>Genetic
plasticity can be a better predictor of adaptability than population fitness.</li>
</ol>
</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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If you would like a copy of the 'Evolution' program, please write me. You may use the program for your own purposes or post on your blog with credit. You may not use the program for commercial purposes. Write me at kozborn@sbcglobal.net. </div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=34501754#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>
<span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt;">Charles Darwin, "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for
Life," 1859.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-43344551782536612802012-04-04T09:27:00.001-07:002012-06-11T09:45:05.764-07:00Using L.A.B. in Photoshop - Some Basics<br />
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<b>Using LAB in Photoshop – Some Basics </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Ken Osborn © 2012</div>
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L.A.B. is a color profile like RGB. Unlike RGB, L.A.B. separates colors into two
channels, the ‘a’ and the ‘b’, and the luminosity into a third, ‘L’,
channel. Thus working with L.A.B.,
unlike working in RGB, allows adjustments to the color independently of the
luminosity. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The default color mode in Photoshop is usually RGB. To convert an image from RGB to L.A.B. use
either the Image>Mode>Lab Color (Fig 1) or Edit>Convert to Profile
(Fig 2). Dan Margulis (“Photoshop Lab
Color”) recommends converting to profile.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsHYuNGkEobQ73o6AzKNMRRn6S7NE510OHd2mBvXv6vZw4lknwCyXdtVAMFIhKVI-rhQ26k4ICd_yIjDRKWfnkQ906N5XlMvFdlJ0LIdII3PX3UHsGIg3_RY-xnAd2amjhK5v/s1600/fig10a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Fig 1: Changing color mode</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFTS84NoKW6t9MJArMu1HTpG-uOcXJA-4-hxzW9eUvOoNJbLxHGHOSgoJqrDLcFdgEs7Uaj5bWdFkhArTRvsnT08XPNYZuPw5swuacdr0wTNcJnr9sL339CEpbOgJ7LUHi8Y9W/s1600/fig+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFTS84NoKW6t9MJArMu1HTpG-uOcXJA-4-hxzW9eUvOoNJbLxHGHOSgoJqrDLcFdgEs7Uaj5bWdFkhArTRvsnT08XPNYZuPw5swuacdr0wTNcJnr9sL339CEpbOgJ7LUHi8Y9W/s320/fig+1.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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Fig 2: Convert to Profile<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixEddxCgrP2I59MlXMiLP1T-sDbmwWM1BIyoTbD4qNNtBHdXPxPjifuBFo5AobuLtVgjpuZ-tK_JMBdrIZK61ru01OBkapBIGK0nBPp7l7x42e3Ryn34ufgaDkfLL47_jsrIye/s1600/fig2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixEddxCgrP2I59MlXMiLP1T-sDbmwWM1BIyoTbD4qNNtBHdXPxPjifuBFo5AobuLtVgjpuZ-tK_JMBdrIZK61ru01OBkapBIGK0nBPp7l7x42e3Ryn34ufgaDkfLL47_jsrIye/s320/fig2.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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Before showing how to use L.A.B. on an image, I’ll give a
tweek or two using RGB so you can compare the results. I’ll use an image that I think has some
potential but is low in contrast and a bit soft (Fig 3). A quick Auto Adjust in Levels gives the image
a bit of snap (Fig 4), but maybe it could be improved a bit more.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 3: Two Tigers at the Oakland Zoo - a bit flat and could be a little sharper<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbQdBCjR40-fB7FAcbTuy8Ph1rpBWUGe5Z5k9Q54T7pQZ0JZe08fU1jbDREucxvcgpqYxsM6-JLvTpa1R5Y9tC0AOxy8m5TbYD81vuFRsnP2s1L_9ZkaEPpTpuqACiGGlQqBM-/s1600/fig3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbQdBCjR40-fB7FAcbTuy8Ph1rpBWUGe5Z5k9Q54T7pQZ0JZe08fU1jbDREucxvcgpqYxsM6-JLvTpa1R5Y9tC0AOxy8m5TbYD81vuFRsnP2s1L_9ZkaEPpTpuqACiGGlQqBM-/s320/fig3.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></div>
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Fig 4: Auto Adjust in RGB Levels - looks better<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_DXt6z58qLlERG4C7ofTdfvlwVk-Nu2coAGnVThIaAP5xb7kacyuKPgdypXhrHSJeqVV9JYxxZ8CYctNJS29-VCJw0fDN-z8jBhnBrD9mdZuA_lPPj6GmLLxP_XEp7XiufuWt/s1600/fig4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_DXt6z58qLlERG4C7ofTdfvlwVk-Nu2coAGnVThIaAP5xb7kacyuKPgdypXhrHSJeqVV9JYxxZ8CYctNJS29-VCJw0fDN-z8jBhnBrD9mdZuA_lPPj6GmLLxP_XEp7XiufuWt/s320/fig4.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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So let’s see what L.A.B. can do. Fig 5 shows the same image as Fig 1 after
conversion to L.A.B. There is no obvious
visual difference between the two images.<o:p></o:p><br />
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Fig 5: Original image converted to L.A.B. color profile - no differences yet<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDDdv0_74mlVWDj7g9xzUieWy1Z09aGxwsyV75pDlhRy6GbXdWLZgTx2shrrrDwYqAbUE2QlSrxMWtXFnol-BYTfoqjdaakRQ9QKzRyEHyBmhyt3XJ8ASv2MjPVOtI2aFNJ-SB/s1600/fig5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDDdv0_74mlVWDj7g9xzUieWy1Z09aGxwsyV75pDlhRy6GbXdWLZgTx2shrrrDwYqAbUE2QlSrxMWtXFnol-BYTfoqjdaakRQ9QKzRyEHyBmhyt3XJ8ASv2MjPVOtI2aFNJ-SB/s320/fig5.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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The histograms are different. The RGB histogram (fig 6, on right) shows the
pixel counts for pixel values 0-255 for each of the three color channels. L.A.B. separates the two color channels (a
and b) from the lightness channel (bottom of the L.A.B. histogram on left). While both graphic histograms use a plot of
counts vs levels (aka pixel values), the values in L.A.B. are specified
somewhat differently (Fig 7).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 6: Comparison of RGB and L.A.B. histograms for original
image<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh101VORo7h1JrrvNU5hLOYGyCPI6otQKHw8HsyUrDXMKioyyA2PsXp-ykc-qriQtTK2lWYY2X0j1dwVEjQWLevY5xR35_ROhBTatpWqT49tbfe5XkLlbqwdgEDQYl0v4t_OOCX/s1600/fig6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh101VORo7h1JrrvNU5hLOYGyCPI6otQKHw8HsyUrDXMKioyyA2PsXp-ykc-qriQtTK2lWYY2X0j1dwVEjQWLevY5xR35_ROhBTatpWqT49tbfe5XkLlbqwdgEDQYl0v4t_OOCX/s320/fig6.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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Fig 7: Color values compared for different color spaces at
middle gray<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiquEQWfKxAbuuJPisXpgVonDOTr-uZlPdQC8V24eHEBMS4L-7bSVBXiNB6ZF9B9Ggz-ECGsrmk21Plz4526W_QegozAcghzbkYm_kPOI-pkwuFzGSS5h-oX-6oKV9rCcV_Hv4y/s1600/fig7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiquEQWfKxAbuuJPisXpgVonDOTr-uZlPdQC8V24eHEBMS4L-7bSVBXiNB6ZF9B9Ggz-ECGsrmk21Plz4526W_QegozAcghzbkYm_kPOI-pkwuFzGSS5h-oX-6oKV9rCcV_Hv4y/s320/fig7.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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RGB has values of [128, 128, 128] for middle gray. L.A.B. has color values of [0,0] for middle
gray and 54 for lightness. If the values for a and b are
fixed at [0,0] any changes in the L channel will not change the neutrality of
the color. It can be changed from pure
white to pure black and every tone of gray in between but no changes to the L
channel will introduce any color. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Let’s take another look at the tiger image to see how this
works in practice. On the left side in Fig 8
the channel a curves slider has been moved to the left resulting in a magenta
cast. On the right side the slider has been moved to the right giving a
green cast. I call the a channel the
apple-green-magenta channel. Don’t know
if that will work for you, but if you look at Fig 9, you might guess what I’ll
use for the b channel!<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 8: Moving the channel a curves slider<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIctT37n87Z4vbi6yHmTvIk34nAsWVuruSZ_c_C5IEd_7QCpiWSRyIhvQ5vegWpmPj6x2UztboInAjoXndARKFAZOdWFk9SuVFd3cDCQKXg8g1uMPqM7tLNYyaUWEt_IUYFbou/s1600/Fig8a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIctT37n87Z4vbi6yHmTvIk34nAsWVuruSZ_c_C5IEd_7QCpiWSRyIhvQ5vegWpmPj6x2UztboInAjoXndARKFAZOdWFk9SuVFd3cDCQKXg8g1uMPqM7tLNYyaUWEt_IUYFbou/s200/Fig8a.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH0Y4UUzFXpDAT52DDimhOH3VnKWNMWO4nFoHcjR7xP3TBJtUW5QQ5XqzHw6fZuvAO6MacykJvg8RGM59FN_B_gzrdNvIAyEbTRFbR3djVpproun1aB9alAp23liExg61BXEGT/s1600/fig8b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH0Y4UUzFXpDAT52DDimhOH3VnKWNMWO4nFoHcjR7xP3TBJtUW5QQ5XqzHw6fZuvAO6MacykJvg8RGM59FN_B_gzrdNvIAyEbTRFbR3djVpproun1aB9alAp23liExg61BXEGT/s200/fig8b.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Fig 9: Moving the channel b curves slider<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwi89KhyKZYbdpU4CRuCwoVkWpXuQrHUFXzvIfejTy4h8z0N52pPCTTFJv_JJvMY7F9dXIrJH1pk3vpCHRmggooAgxGwIuA5R01QRq4lHWSiUxBfL7srDZ9Np7Aao-HRA9bYx/s1600/fig9a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXwi89KhyKZYbdpU4CRuCwoVkWpXuQrHUFXzvIfejTy4h8z0N52pPCTTFJv_JJvMY7F9dXIrJH1pk3vpCHRmggooAgxGwIuA5R01QRq4lHWSiUxBfL7srDZ9Np7Aao-HRA9bYx/s200/fig9a.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmVmT6CuSUP1rfZfLpFXGnGREBJj668ZaI1dJQW3WlSDOIDS-Vo3_2RfsCOCSE8Nfxd7C5UcNHBzBFdCbFNnnTCNlaFkkcGT2KrMGjioFt5NBThjmazL3tvr2SatHe6DXr56N/s1600/fig9b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOmVmT6CuSUP1rfZfLpFXGnGREBJj668ZaI1dJQW3WlSDOIDS-Vo3_2RfsCOCSE8Nfxd7C5UcNHBzBFdCbFNnnTCNlaFkkcGT2KrMGjioFt5NBThjmazL3tvr2SatHe6DXr56N/s200/fig9b.jpg" width="200" /></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Moving the b slider to the right adds blue and moving to the
left adds yellow. I call the b channel
the banana-yellow-blue channel. You saw
that coming, right? No? Doesn't matter but you might just remember it unless you eat magenta apples and blue bananas. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Let’s combine slider movements so they are symmetrically
equal as in Fig 10. Using channel b, the
tigers show a little more life with an equal boost to both the yellow and blue
components. That looks a little more
realistic. If the green and magenta are
also increased in channel a, it gets even better. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 10: equal additions of blue and yellow in channel b
followed by equal additions of magenta and green in channel a<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsHYuNGkEobQ73o6AzKNMRRn6S7NE510OHd2mBvXv6vZw4lknwCyXdtVAMFIhKVI-rhQ26k4ICd_yIjDRKWfnkQ906N5XlMvFdlJ0LIdII3PX3UHsGIg3_RY-xnAd2amjhK5v/s1600/fig10a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidsHYuNGkEobQ73o6AzKNMRRn6S7NE510OHd2mBvXv6vZw4lknwCyXdtVAMFIhKVI-rhQ26k4ICd_yIjDRKWfnkQ906N5XlMvFdlJ0LIdII3PX3UHsGIg3_RY-xnAd2amjhK5v/s1600/fig10a.jpg" style="cursor: move;" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AaPk4QBQd8wE4MRIiAcJ2IQaVXMmAEH4OQ33xDfxxhJ4x2qEmLcaUWM_2l_8Kqibx7of_D044bzo9bkcps5H4JJ_FKJeReo5fZ1X-mopANo4G3b7wAOZgrkHjNmFwWR6MlTV/s1600/fig10b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AaPk4QBQd8wE4MRIiAcJ2IQaVXMmAEH4OQ33xDfxxhJ4x2qEmLcaUWM_2l_8Kqibx7of_D044bzo9bkcps5H4JJ_FKJeReo5fZ1X-mopANo4G3b7wAOZgrkHjNmFwWR6MlTV/s1600/fig10b.jpg" style="cursor: move;" /></a><br />
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So far I’ve just changed the color but not the lightness
value. The image is still a bit flat,
lacking contrast. When the Lightness channel is adjusted, that changes as in
Fig 11. The tiger now has some life!<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 11: Bringing the tiger to life with the L channel<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGPL9xahHrZOHTPSQpAqOCZ3lwG69YUePzOga962OjdE3atW_fkoq_nx1b3Pno1A1dK7NoU6qNiu1lOm-yk_SJQRnwyQmIHY_JXED8GGdjZevSzZu7Lr9RIgs5dttyR_su68_/s1600/fig11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEGPL9xahHrZOHTPSQpAqOCZ3lwG69YUePzOga962OjdE3atW_fkoq_nx1b3Pno1A1dK7NoU6qNiu1lOm-yk_SJQRnwyQmIHY_JXED8GGdjZevSzZu7Lr9RIgs5dttyR_su68_/s400/fig11.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
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I could probably stop here, but I won’t because there is a
sharpening trick that works really nicely in L.A.B. Because the color channels are separate from
the lightness channel, sharpening does not affect the colors. I will combine this process with another for
one last attempt to give life to the tiger.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Duplicate the original layer and merge in blend mode
multiply. Egad! This is not an improvement! Stay with me.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 12: Tigers thrown into the dark<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMb5cG8ZYW3h_Lyk0WqLOlpe9HwVCmWszJdfowKORomiKHkBHse93sD84imzRTZy_7HxHRdIimcuu9bZkcVoec9zHFf2XJ6ZZL7rXZPdXIkEt8Mh4RwU1ba55YCfeuylEkKRf/s1600/fig12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMb5cG8ZYW3h_Lyk0WqLOlpe9HwVCmWszJdfowKORomiKHkBHse93sD84imzRTZy_7HxHRdIimcuu9bZkcVoec9zHFf2XJ6ZZL7rXZPdXIkEt8Mh4RwU1ba55YCfeuylEkKRf/s320/fig12.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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Now add a mask and Image>Apply Image as in Fig 13. Notice that the mask for the upper layer now
has some black inside the frame. This is
a selection that we can adjust to change both the luminosity and sharpness. Make sure the mask is selected before using Apply Image or adjusting the Feather slider in the following two steps.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 13: Using Apply Image</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs7q-QtiBxtN9ci5SzvkASwHDEa3tCCZXWNC_ObwVOCDOzb8s9qJ4GkQb4m_79p4aYaqSbKmCCPkhYY5DiR_7k_iYelGQnh3QGR978ZAXyA-QSRY2-ndD6wMmx3r62TVomMwap/s1600/fig13a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs7q-QtiBxtN9ci5SzvkASwHDEa3tCCZXWNC_ObwVOCDOzb8s9qJ4GkQb4m_79p4aYaqSbKmCCPkhYY5DiR_7k_iYelGQnh3QGR978ZAXyA-QSRY2-ndD6wMmx3r62TVomMwap/s320/fig13a.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8-6jUYsjf2CMVyBwXpzi1QgazrgUnq8JOcNmTI95Gvwroc3PaucSu9XBKyQLwrafv8z51h8wpYEoMrBhCLcKy8H8oxWMnWEtrorPAvjcXJEtavBGI8q9A15hQDEtwIQZFTGQ/s1600/fig13b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8-6jUYsjf2CMVyBwXpzi1QgazrgUnq8JOcNmTI95Gvwroc3PaucSu9XBKyQLwrafv8z51h8wpYEoMrBhCLcKy8H8oxWMnWEtrorPAvjcXJEtavBGI8q9A15hQDEtwIQZFTGQ/s320/fig13b.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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Make sure the ‘mask’ window is viewable (if not Window>Masks)
and move the feather slider to the right.
You should see a noticeable increase in sharpness as in Fig 14. Notice the Density slider. If this slider is
moved to the left, the effect of the mask is reduced and the image will
approach its original appearance. So if
you want it a little bit darker, go for it.
I’m leaving it where it is now. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Fig 14: Feather slider in Mask window to increase sharpness.<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzlsvVNpq1mRzkhXsKNf9o2O-fPySdXwXA5LDtwlU8Z6AP3DsVOOigPfDBXtOjk30KrhH_svWinlvbnmpkncX9xPixfM9fOXqZFEoMEW2c4QfCxOMe2q_-Err2kr5M4zGv2QDC/s1600/fig14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzlsvVNpq1mRzkhXsKNf9o2O-fPySdXwXA5LDtwlU8Z6AP3DsVOOigPfDBXtOjk30KrhH_svWinlvbnmpkncX9xPixfM9fOXqZFEoMEW2c4QfCxOMe2q_-Err2kr5M4zGv2QDC/s320/fig14.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
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Fig 15: The tigers can now play<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTvM3TeAczM_rhoIpwRgu08j7ZztI013z1e7UPeVaXS27g84POsZk1C0Y-6aW3hN8bAa1QAb3sdH9zY6GtnaaAx0y5yFn7KzgUFAFkB6JvTothmL3ID69mzGsRSoqFi79-APWP/s1600/fig15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTvM3TeAczM_rhoIpwRgu08j7ZztI013z1e7UPeVaXS27g84POsZk1C0Y-6aW3hN8bAa1QAb3sdH9zY6GtnaaAx0y5yFn7KzgUFAFkB6JvTothmL3ID69mzGsRSoqFi79-APWP/s640/fig15.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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References:<br />
Margulis, Dan "Photoshop LAB Color - The Canyon Conundrum and Other Adventures in the Most Powerful Colorspace," 2006, Peachpit Press, Berkeley. <br />
Mark Lindsay, M.F.A. and a presentation to the Berkeley Camera Club on March 28, 2012<br />
see Mark's work at marklindsayart.commisterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-5297777463892636982012-03-24T12:38:00.002-07:002012-06-11T09:45:40.440-07:00Digital Noise and Photography<div style="text-align: center;">
Digital Noise and Photography</div>
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Ken Osborn © 2012</div>
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Want perfect photos? Not possible. Why? Well, even the most proficient photographer with the most perfect equipment must contend with noise in the image. It does not matter whether the image has a full tonal range from highlights to shadows, is low in contrast, is shot with low ISO or high ISO. There will always be noise. <br />
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The more important question is how do we get acceptable control of noise in our images? For starters, use a low ISO setting. This will depend on available light, lens speed, motion in the subject, and whether you are using a tripod. If, for example, you are shooting a dance scene under low light without a flash and no tripod, you will probably have to use a fairly high ISO. Accept the inevitable noise. If you are shooting a landscape with the camera on a tripod, then you can use a very low ISO. There will be considerably less noise, but it will still be there. <br />
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Figure 1 shows Steps 2 and 14 from a Kodak Gray Scale. The photograph was shot with a Pentax K5 at ISO 100. The extreme pixel values of each histogram for Steps 2 and 14 were used to create smaller boxes that were then inserted into the corresponding Gray Scale images. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPPjwW0R3x1zQFASUtjlj4EsvWB7bbGVWepouwu93r2bk8DFf7hEWAitjoSeaywAHeT7b0IerLxgM07JDYrBM1KkZUfItVgbhVnlTjUfRTIMxWP-EUBnUTaJraFPaFlpq_Y8e7/s1600/KodakGrayScale+ISO+100+K5+Steps+2_14+NoiseDotsCrop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPPjwW0R3x1zQFASUtjlj4EsvWB7bbGVWepouwu93r2bk8DFf7hEWAitjoSeaywAHeT7b0IerLxgM07JDYrBM1KkZUfItVgbhVnlTjUfRTIMxWP-EUBnUTaJraFPaFlpq_Y8e7/s400/KodakGrayScale+ISO+100+K5+Steps+2_14+NoiseDotsCrop.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Figure 1 Kodak Gray Scale Noise Comparison</div>
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Can you count the number of small boxes in the Kodak Gray Step 2 ISO 100 image? Including the box in the lower right with the black outline, you should see a total of 6. Now count the boxes in the Kodak Gray Step 14 ISO 100 image. Including the box in the lower left with the white outline, you should see a total of seven. You don't see them? Look at figure 2 then, which is the same as Figure 1 but with the exposure increased in Photoshop. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgj0IemwXPV2zItGopn1hjsz2R8rM4D-RdDXlIaFn5AmWJ2XXXQ5hWYUnbNCvfFd0WQUuND-t_LjaItHSSLBIKQVDdDCqA52aGzMfoUy1wceGF3WM76xUNFDC3iInjen0S86y6/s1600/KodakGrayScale+ISO+100+K5+Steps+2_14+NoiseDotsCropPlus2EV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgj0IemwXPV2zItGopn1hjsz2R8rM4D-RdDXlIaFn5AmWJ2XXXQ5hWYUnbNCvfFd0WQUuND-t_LjaItHSSLBIKQVDdDCqA52aGzMfoUy1wceGF3WM76xUNFDC3iInjen0S86y6/s320/KodakGrayScale+ISO+100+K5+Steps+2_14+NoiseDotsCropPlus2EV.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure 2 Kodak Gray Scale Images Plus 2EV</div>
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So even at ISO 100, there is noise. Also, the noise is equally important in both the highlights and the shadows. In this particular instance, it appears that the noise impacts the highlights even more than it impacts the shadows. Another lesson is that when you open the shadows, the noise becomes more noticeable. Could that also be true for the highlights? If you make them darker, could the noise become more troublesome? Look at Figure 3. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWYHpuDkI2s_7OTzscPE9-Uu9cMHL5B7X07JOJIQE8VEPqKm8kPSqlydUG_jXaANuyUUtDjf-r5MYxN2ZQjtkZNkLlFaal1dqui5csvS1c-S5kH_7eZfsf2xLD_t_2hKEl1qF/s1600/KodakGrayScale+ISO+100+K5+Steps+2_14+NoiseDotsCropMinus2EV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTWYHpuDkI2s_7OTzscPE9-Uu9cMHL5B7X07JOJIQE8VEPqKm8kPSqlydUG_jXaANuyUUtDjf-r5MYxN2ZQjtkZNkLlFaal1dqui5csvS1c-S5kH_7eZfsf2xLD_t_2hKEl1qF/s320/KodakGrayScale+ISO+100+K5+Steps+2_14+NoiseDotsCropMinus2EV.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure 3 Kodak Gray Scale Images Minus 2EV</div>
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The small boxes now stand out a bit more and the background is even more mottled than in Figure 1. Lightening the shadows and darkening the highlights will accentuate the noise. </div>
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Figure 4 is an animation showing what happens when the shadows are 'opened' by increasing the exposure in curves and the highlights are darkened by decreasing the exposure. If the individual slides were not captioned, could you tell which of the 'auto curves' slides was for the highlights and which was for the shadows? </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyDFxyTQx394EPLHbPTG-1o7u3LaVQz1CrmXHDEtMpQc-Fh8EBAFbJoTQA67HpQukO_ineuDEuCssIpEW7aDnUW4rnX7weijgjzag0H60OYvt1oImYI2KM4oaQSxaVs7nsRNOS/s1600/NoiseInHighlightsAndShadowsText.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyDFxyTQx394EPLHbPTG-1o7u3LaVQz1CrmXHDEtMpQc-Fh8EBAFbJoTQA67HpQukO_ineuDEuCssIpEW7aDnUW4rnX7weijgjzag0H60OYvt1oImYI2KM4oaQSxaVs7nsRNOS/s1600/NoiseInHighlightsAndShadowsText.gif" /></a></div>
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I'll end this post with the observation that digital noise is not necessarily all that bad. At one time Tri-X film was considered a last resort for the desperate and today we look at those old photos with lots of grain as art! So maybe we shouldn't call it noise but call it digital grain. </div>
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Credit line: the histograms used in generating the animation were produced using ImageJ from http://imagejdocu.tudor.lu/. It is public domain software and is a powerful tool for the analytical dissection of digital images. </div>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-14449356674567233022012-03-13T18:13:00.003-07:002012-06-11T09:48:33.514-07:00Some Random Thoughts for Pi Day<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b>Some Random Thoughts for Pi Day</b></div>
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Ken Osborn © 2012</div>
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Everyone at one time learned that Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter and the value is 3.14 and a lot more digits following. Is there an end to the digits and is the sequence of digits random or is it determined by some as of yet unknown formula? And can the digits in Pi be produced by a random number generator? <br />
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I'll leave the first two questions to others, but a simple Excel program to generate random numbers can be used to produce an estimate of Pi. Consider a circle with a diameter of 2 feet. The radius will then be 1 foot and the area Pi square feet. If it is enclosed inside a square, the square will have sides of 2 feet with an area of 4 square feet. The ratio of areas of circle to square will then be Pi/4. Suppose you now throw darts at a dart board with a diameter of 2 feet enclosed in a square. The ratio of hits inside the board divided by the number of tosses inside the square will be the same as the ratio of areas.<br />
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Write a program to generate two sets of random numbers bounded by zero and one (0,1). These will be the coordinates for a point to be tested. If the distance of the ordered pair to the center is less than one it is inside the circle. If it exceeds one it is outside the circle. Below is a screen shot from one run of the program. The blue line is the running estimate of Pi for the specified number of dart tosses. The purple line is the error calculated as the difference between the estimate and value of Pi to 2 digits (3.14)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddUxAwUJxCAcwQTYqTylOc9NmSvb6iJDkYUZtER7gbLor1_zKPxZy3kcd9rn9SNiy2ipvsAwkHftLtws8F3mTjVznUTHol41JTf53hLUeHiotWNXCOLB3RCd15gVgzgGF6H0t/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-03-13+at+4.53.21+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddUxAwUJxCAcwQTYqTylOc9NmSvb6iJDkYUZtER7gbLor1_zKPxZy3kcd9rn9SNiy2ipvsAwkHftLtws8F3mTjVznUTHol41JTf53hLUeHiotWNXCOLB3RCd15gVgzgGF6H0t/s400/Screen+shot+2012-03-13+at+4.53.21+PM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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If you'd like to try estimating Pi using the program, you can at <a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AixHzIqC4EIYdGNYY00wTzBRM3Bqb1FFV2JXd3h0T2c#gid=0">Estimating Pi Spreadsheet</a>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-19676792239304939432012-02-26T14:34:00.003-08:002012-04-05T20:53:12.484-07:00The Outlier Paradox and Global Warming<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
The Outlier Paradox and Global Warming<o:p></o:p></div>
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© Ken Osborn <o:p></o:p></div>
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Feb 2012<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hot winters ahead? I can’t say for sure, but this last January seemed a lot warmer than a couple years ago when the winter was mild. I checked the records for the city of Oakland (airport) and the daily highs for Jan 2012 averaged 2.3 degrees Fahrenheit (dF) warmer than Jan 2010. That doesn’t seem like a lot. But when I checked for the warmest days in 2010 and compared them to 2012 I saw that my impression that it seemed warmer this year than in 2010 was correct. In 2010 two of the Jan daily high temperatures exceeded 60 dF and in 2012 there were 7 days in Jan exceeding 60 dF. <o:p></o:p></div>
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So my impression that this winter was warmer was based not on the average of the daily high temperatures but rather the number of warmer than typical days. This I call the Outlier Paradox: increasing means accelerates extremes. Small changes in a data set's average are associated with large changes in the frequency of values exceeding some threshold value: these extreme values are also referred to as outliers. This is a statistical property of numerical distributions, as I will try to explain. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Measurements repeatedly performed on any item and collected into a data set are frequently randomly distributed. Given a large enough data set, if the individual results are randomly distributed, the shape of the plotted numbers will be symmetrical: values exceeding the average will balance nicely against numbers below the average in a mirror image fashion. This is called a Normal distribution. So are temperature records Normally distributed? <o:p></o:p></div>
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Chart 1 is a plot of the Jan 2012 daily high temperature readings for the City of Oakland. The data are ranked from low to high and plotted against the probability that a given measurement will exceed all other measurements in the set. Except for the four highest values, the plotted temperature readings (red) nicely fit the curve for a Normal distribution (blue). The curve is symmetrical around the center with roughly the same number of readings on either side. Measurements close to the center have a higher probability and measurements far from the center a lower probability. This is visualized by the flattening of the curve at the extreme ends. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9ybskMnNbJNYPHPPhyphenhyphenJonlyiq7HIQxacpAjUh2MSdC9hkM-NPLlCoZCk-IKfstI-Hep9neBajv-5Sp-9x8GiCCd_6wwtuc-D7V-qDcIBUc3oj9YOmuBr0ZVBiX5SwAoCbMwP/s1600/CHART1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP9ybskMnNbJNYPHPPhyphenhyphenJonlyiq7HIQxacpAjUh2MSdC9hkM-NPLlCoZCk-IKfstI-Hep9neBajv-5Sp-9x8GiCCd_6wwtuc-D7V-qDcIBUc3oj9YOmuBr0ZVBiX5SwAoCbMwP/s640/CHART1.png" style="cursor: move;" width="640" /></a></div>
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Chart 1: Testing temperature readings for Normality<o:p></o:p></div>
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An interesting property of Normal distributions is that even large changes in the extreme values have a smaller effect on the average. When examining changes over time, averages only may be a poor predictor of environmental impacts if the outliers are ignored. <o:p></o:p></div>
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As an example, see Chart 2. Data set 1 represents a collection of measurements with an average of 100 and a standard deviation of 10%. Approximately 4 out of 1000 measurements will exceed a threshold of 125. Change the average to 105 and the number of measurements exceeding 125 increases to 16 out of 1000. A 5% change in the average becomes a 400% change in the values exceeding a threshold just 25% above the average (100*16/4 = 400%). An increase in the standard deviation will magnify the spread of extreme values even more. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6ReD7kiCGE5MkOMez2QAtBpaI6N_XYFnTrjFJnwxNa1zn48ElbIIQSrAS6H_LO4qopzNYj5mOpjelTfFribl0grC4mVMNGc3t_pLV4a4YE1jsKRI6OI0X4oXV3lQEoN9gp-_/s1600/CHART2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE6ReD7kiCGE5MkOMez2QAtBpaI6N_XYFnTrjFJnwxNa1zn48ElbIIQSrAS6H_LO4qopzNYj5mOpjelTfFribl0grC4mVMNGc3t_pLV4a4YE1jsKRI6OI0X4oXV3lQEoN9gp-_/s640/CHART2.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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Chart 2: A small change in the mean is associated with large changes in the frequency of outliers<o:p></o:p></div>
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This property holds for any set of measurements taken over time when the distribution is Normal. Records of rainfall, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and number of cars per hour passing a given point on the freeway can all be treated as Normal distributions. Even though there are causal factors associated with each of these, any given measurement is randomly determined relative to the measurements that immediately precede or follow. Though we know it may rain tomorrow, the exact number of inches of rain that will fall is an unknown until after the event. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Returning to the records for the City of Oakland for Jan of 2010 and 2012, let’s take a statistical look at the distribution of daily high readings (Chart 3). The average high temperature for Jan 2010 was 55.7 degrees Fahrenheit (dF) and the variance as measured by the standard deviation was 2.6 dF. For 2012 the Jan average high temperature was 58 dF and the standard deviation 4.9. Using the lower 2010 variance for both years, the fitted Normal curves predict 5% of days exceeding 62 dF for 2012 and 0.8% for 2010. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjluW2FEQ-qQBvyqJcssRwAw7Hq2A5uwhC_X8OeiUy_80CD8rXp6PYhRRzW0vsZDGZ9liXSiBMacXzNNbSx9YjcgVtxc0wfFj90ym_oRQSNkDck3Psj1g-5Tx_UH444RbzHYG_3/s1600/CHART3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjluW2FEQ-qQBvyqJcssRwAw7Hq2A5uwhC_X8OeiUy_80CD8rXp6PYhRRzW0vsZDGZ9liXSiBMacXzNNbSx9YjcgVtxc0wfFj90ym_oRQSNkDck3Psj1g-5Tx_UH444RbzHYG_3/s640/CHART3.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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Chart 3: Comparison of Jan High Temperatures for 2010 and 2012 using 2010 Variance<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chart 3 demonstrates the effect of changing the mean of a distribution of data but not the standard deviation. The curve shifts horizontally to the right for an increase in the mean with each individual point moving the same amount so that the two curves are parallel to each other. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Of course the variance was not the same for the two years, and when the change in variance is considered (Chart 4), the differences are even greater with a prediction of 21.8% of the days exceeding 62 dF for 2012 compared to the 0.8% for 2010. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEVf9gzDCBzkWciLOSUjMLK1eMe5ym_9hMvtjagkij7OO8QLGyHWJTvmaKFFyL_U36jRSniM5qvy4sPtOWPmJml58oQXOiBSdz3ENSBXEZuJ-K6uQQ60ypSTFIDS3KYLZIc8X_/s1600/CHART4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEVf9gzDCBzkWciLOSUjMLK1eMe5ym_9hMvtjagkij7OO8QLGyHWJTvmaKFFyL_U36jRSniM5qvy4sPtOWPmJml58oQXOiBSdz3ENSBXEZuJ-K6uQQ60ypSTFIDS3KYLZIc8X_/s1600/CHART4.png" /></a></div>
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Chart 4: Comparison of Jan High Temperatures for 2010 and 2012<o:p></o:p></div>
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When both the standard deviation and mean are changed, the curve not only shifts laterally but also rotates. Chart 5 using a hypothetical set of temperature demonstrates what happens when the mean is fixed mean but the standard deviation changes. Here the curve rotates around the center but the center does not move horizontally. Thus if two sets of temperature records (or any measurement records) have the same average but different standard deviations, the set with the higher standard deviation will have more extreme values at both the high and low temperatures. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPaUReD4Fx8jS6xTFph9jMoTNgH4-XKgOm193_Ov8MSDWyZb4FQGMCCKdRXMQL0qgHEg3lspLXHlba6OEOF7Dxap23FhJ12Xet3K6kpqNEYI7mfiSiZX5tEEJNyCKZ53c3Fz3-/s1600/CHART5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPaUReD4Fx8jS6xTFph9jMoTNgH4-XKgOm193_Ov8MSDWyZb4FQGMCCKdRXMQL0qgHEg3lspLXHlba6OEOF7Dxap23FhJ12Xet3K6kpqNEYI7mfiSiZX5tEEJNyCKZ53c3Fz3-/s640/CHART5.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Chart 5: Changing only the standard deviation rotates the curve around the mid-point <o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p> </div>
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The extra warm days of Jan 2012 should not be taken in isolation to determine whether global warming is a reality. These data represent a narrow temporal and spatial snapshot. Next winter may bring even warmer winter days or it could bring winter lows that are the lowest of the decade. While we might take note of unusually extreme temperatures, it is the preponderance of data that must answer the question of whether an apparent trend is merely a statistical excursion or a real trend. </div>
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Ref: http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KOAK/2010/1/1/MonthlyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34501754.post-18626123719524500062012-02-10T11:25:00.000-08:002012-02-10T11:25:42.138-08:00Predator - Prey: Part III - The Interactive ModelForage (aka carrying capacity) feeds the deer; deer feed the wolves; wolves keep the deer herd in balance with the forage. It's a nice model, but things don't always work that smoothly. Two previous posts discuss a mathematical model written in Excel that interactively explores some of the possible outcomes given initial conditions of deer herd size, number of wolves, intrinsic growth rates of deer and wolves, and the carrying capacity and carrying capacity variance factor. This latter is a random card designed to incorporate the unpredictable effects of climatic variation, forage decline, or other things that can change the amount of forage but are not predictable from one year to the next.<br />
<br />
Previous posts on this topic are at:<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_309306876"><br />
</a><br />
<a href="http://misterkenblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/predator-vs-prey-mathematical-model.html">http://misterkenblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/predator-vs-prey-mathematical-model.html</a><br />
<a href="http://misterkenblog.blogspot.com/2011/12/predator-vs-prey-will-wolves-dominate.html">http://misterkenblog.blogspot.com/2011/12/predator-vs-prey-will-wolves-dominate.html</a><br />
<br />
Ready to try you hand at creating your own scenarios? A simplified interactive model programmed in an Excel spreadsheet is available for the curious in Google Docs at<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AixHzIqC4EIYdGJ6VFgyLUl3UERKUEF4RUw1Z0dVMkE">https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AixHzIqC4EIYdGJ6VFgyLUl3UERKUEF4RUw1Z0dVMkE</a></span><br />
<br />
There are eight variables in the model you can work with shown in the diagram below.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndomfD-zL3SSFiEhScOnqUMi_shwjVRl-20h8GtR8j458FkO1SKVr1R7WJFMGS-8WubYzTBUk5d5aWz9iYuNfeQkk_0z-qF4EuJLeN4JiBfiUM7jzDxx_8kGkU2vb5VrBmxkq/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-10+at+11.09.41+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhndomfD-zL3SSFiEhScOnqUMi_shwjVRl-20h8GtR8j458FkO1SKVr1R7WJFMGS-8WubYzTBUk5d5aWz9iYuNfeQkk_0z-qF4EuJLeN4JiBfiUM7jzDxx_8kGkU2vb5VrBmxkq/s1600/Screen+shot+2012-02-10+at+11.09.41+AM.png" /></a></div><br />
The population size of the deer herd (here it is 5000), deer growth rate, carrying capacity for the deer herd, variance in carrying capacity (K), wolf population (here it is 10), wolf pack growth rate, predator efficiency, and number of deer required for wolf survival. You can change any and all of these starting numbers to see what happens. For example, to evaluate the effect of dramatic swings in climate try changing the variance in K (now at 2000) to a higher or lower number. A higher number would represent greater unpredictability and a lower number a more stable environment. <br />
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Have fun.misterkenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09177394592873334542noreply@blogger.com0